ellauri219.html on line 270: The influence of Aubrey Beardsley’s pen-and-ink line drawings had already made itself felt on Klaus Voormann’s artwork for Revolver, and here the 19th-century illustrator, whose own style was influenced by Japanese woodcutting, takes a position not too far away from Oscar Wilde (No.41), Beardsley’s contemporary in the Aesthetic movement.
ellauri219.html on line 568: Barely visible to the left of the “B” in “BEATLES” is a typical garden gnome, the likes of which originated in 19th-century Germany.
ellauri219.html on line 742: Before the 20th century, history indicates the Indian yoga scene was dominated by other Yoga texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Vasistha and Yoga Yajnavalkya.
ellauri219.html on line 1012: Underworld is a novel, quite simply, about what was experienced in the United States in the second half of the 20th century. An era shaped by the advent and then cancellation of the Bretton Woods agreement. Nuclear proliferation. The withering away and relocation of American manufacturing, and the rise of global capitalism. Jazz. The Cuban missile crisis (through the voice, as DeLillo has it, of the smirking standup comedian Lenny Bruce). Civil tights. The CIA. Bombs on university campuses. Artists on New York rooftops, and around them, the old industrial framework of bygone city life, something aesthetic and exotic, either marvelled at or ignored, take your pick.
ellauri219.html on line 1014: As a child of the 20th century, I suppose, this book sorta speaks to me. Talk to the hand. It precipitates into meaning historical movies I’ve seen. Don is like Wilt Whatman who addressed, in the poem “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry”, the people of the future. Sublime but ironic.
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ellauri222.html on line 137: In the culture of little magazines, friendship is the last thing to prevent one writer from reviewing the work of another. As a novelist happy to have well-disposed reviewers, Bellow had an obvious stake in these friendships. But the friends had a stake in Bellow, too. As Mark Greif points out in his important new study of mid-century intellectual life, “The Age of the Crisis of Man,” Bellow came on the scene at a time when many people imagined the fate of modern man to be somehow tied to the fate of the novel. Was the novel dead or was it not? Much was thought to depend on the answer. And for people who worried about this Bellow was the great hope. Atlas quotes Norman Podhoretz: “There was a sense in which the validity of a whole phase of American experience was felt to hang on the question of whether or not he would turn out to be a great novelist.”
ellauri222.html on line 348: The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Normans, Bretons, Flemish, and French troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.
ellauri222.html on line 805: A Neo-Transcendentalist was an individual who followed the philosophical movement founded by Liam Dieghan on Earth in the early 22nd century. These adherents advocated a return to less technological driven lifestyles with an emphasis on self-reliance and nature. Star Trek: The Next Generation (1987) - S02E18 Up the Long Ladder.
ellauri222.html on line 819: An intensely intellectual writer who peppers his novels with allusions, Bellow draws on many cultural traditions in his analysis of both the sources of American experience and its present manifestations. His fiction fully documents the decline of Western civilization without conceding its obvious demise, and the ambiguity and tenuousness of even his most positive endings balance sadness and comic skepticism with the steadfast faith that he the artist can effect coherence and order, or failing that a lot of cash, out of the chaos of modern experience. His tip for success: kusettakaa minkä jaxatte! For his achievement in confronting the modern existential dilemma with compassion and humor, Bellow's place in twentieth-century American literary history seems assured by drooling groupies like myself.
ellauri222.html on line 837: British critics tend to regard the American predilection for Big Novels as a vulgar neurosis — like the American predilection for big cars or big hamburgers. Oh God, we think: here comes another sweating, free-dreaming maniac with another thousand-pager; here comes another Big Mac. First, Dos Passos produced the Great American Novel; now they all want one. Yet in a sense every ambitious American novelist is genuinely trying to write a novel called USA. Perhaps this isn’t just a foible; perhaps it is an inescapable response to America – twentieth-century America, racially mixed and mobile, twenty-four hour, endless, extreme, superabundantly various. American novels are big all right, but partly because America is big too. You need plenty of nerve, ink and energy to do justice to the place, and no one has made greater efforts than Saul Bellow. In 1976 Bellow was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, praised by the Swedes ‘for human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture’. Many times in Bellow’s novels we are reminded that ‘being human’ isn’t the automatic condition of every human being. Like freedom or sanity, it is not a given but a gift, a talent, an accomplishment, an objective. The busiest sections of the Chicago bookstores, I noticed, were those marked ‘Personal Growth’.
ellauri222.html on line 886: Ozymandias (/ˌɒziˈmændiəs/ oz-ee-MAN-dee-əs; real name Adrian Alexander Veidt) is a fictional anti-villain in the graphic novel limited series Watchmen, published by DC Comics. Created by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, named "Ozymandias" in the manner of Ramesses II, his name recalls the famous poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley, which takes as its theme the fleeting nature of empire and is excerpted as the epigraph of one of the chapters of Watchmen. Ozymandias is ranked number 25 on Wizard's Top 200 Comic Book Characters list and number 21 on IGN's Top 100 Villains list. No, wait, Ozymandias was a Greek name for the pharaoh Ramesses II (r. 1279–1213 BC), derived from a part of his throne name, Usermaatre. In 1817, Shelley began writing the poem "Ozymandias", after the British Museum acquired the Younger Memnon, a head-and-torso fragment of a statue of Ramesses II, which dated from the 13th century BC. Earlier, in 1816, the Italian archeologist Giovanni Battista Belzoni had "removed" the 7.25-short-ton (6.58 t; 6,580 kg) statue fragment from the Ramesseum, the mortuary temple of Ramesses II at Thebes, Egypt. The reputation of the statue fragment preceded its arrival to Western Europe; after his Egyptian expedition in 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte had failed to acquire the Younger Memnon for France. Although the British Museum expected delivery of the antiquity in 1818, the Younger Memnon did not arrive in London until 1821. Shelley published his poems before the statue fragment of Ozymandias arrived in Britain, and the view of modern scholarship is that Shelley never saw the statue, although he might have learned about it from news reports, as it was well known even in its previous location near Luxor.
ellauri222.html on line 996: Ellsworth Huntington, (born Sept. 16, 1876, Galesburg, Ill., U.S.—died Oct. 17, 1947, New Haven, Conn.), U.S. geographer who explored the influence of climate on civilization. Ellsworth Huntington (September 16, 1876 – October 17, 1947) was a professor of geography at Yale University during the early 20th century, known for his studies on environmental determinism/climatic determinism, economic growth, economic geography, and scientific racism. He served as President of the Ecological Society of America in 1917, the Association of American Geographers in 1923 and President of the Board of Directors of the American Eugenics Society from 1934 to 1938.
ellauri226.html on line 329: warfare, just like Stockholm in the early 21th century. And for the exact same reason too!
ellauri236.html on line 69: The right-wing Bolsonaro has repeatedly alleged without evidence that voting machines used for a quarter century in Brazil are prone to fraud. The rhetoric of Bolsonaro supporters has often appeared to echo that of President Donald Trump supporters during the 2020 U.S. election, who questioned election results under the banner Stop the Steal.
ellauri236.html on line 208: Several people, after reading No Orchids, have remarked to me, ‘It's pure Fascism’. This is a correct description, although the book has not the smallest connexion with politics and very little with social or economic problems. It has merely the same relation to Fascism as, say Trollope's novels have to nineteenth-century capitalism. It is a daydream appropriate to a totalitarian age. In his imagined world of gangsters Chase is presenting, as it were, a distilled version of the modern political scene, in which such things as mass bombing of civilians, the use of hostages, torture to obtain confessions, secret prisons, execution without trial, floggings with rubber truncheons, drownings in cesspools, systematic falsification of records and statistics, treachery, bribery, and quislingism are normal and morally neutral, even admirable when they are done in a large and bold way. The average man is not directly interested in politics, and when he reads, he wants the current struggles of the world to be translated into a simple story about individuals. He can take an interest in Slim and Fenner as he could not in the G.P.U. and the Gestapo. People worship power in the form in which they are able to understand it. A twelve-year-old boy worships Jack Dempsey. An adolescent in a Glasgow slum worships Al Capone. An aspiring pupil at a business college worships Lord Nuffield. A New Statesman reader worships Stalin. There is a difference in intellectual maturity, but none in moral outlook. Thirty years ago the heroes of popular fiction had nothing in common with Mr. Chase's gangsters and detectives, and the idols of the English liberal intelligentsia were also comparatively sympathetic figures. Between Holmes and Fenner on the one hand, and between Abraham Lincoln and Stalin on the other, there is a similar gulf.
ellauri236.html on line 388: In 1999, the novel was picked in a survey of the best books from the 20th century by the French retailer Fnac and the Paris newspaper Le Monde in Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century.
ellauri238.html on line 891: And the twentieth century was the blood in my veins, Ja 20. vuosisata oli veri mun suonissa,
ellauri245.html on line 633: In the 20th century Burundi had three main indigenous ethnic groups: Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The area was colonised by the German Empire in the late 1800s and administered as a portion of German East Africa. In Burundi and neighboring Rwanda to the north, the Germans maintained indirect rule, leaving local social structures intact. Under this system, the Tutsi minority generally enjoyed its historically high status as aristocrats, whereas the Hutus occupied the bottom of the social structure. Princely and monarchal rulers belonged to a unique ethnic group, Ganwa, though over time the political salience of this distinction declined and the category was subsumed by the Tutsi grouping. During World War I, Belgian troops from the Belgian Congo occupied Burundi and Rwanda. In 1919, under the auspices of the nascent League of Nations, Belgium was given the "responsibility" of administering "Ruanda-Urundi" as a mandated territory. Though obligated to promote social progress in the territory, the Belgians did not alter the local power structures. Following World War II, the United Nations was formed and Ruanda-Urundi became a trust territory under Belgian administration, which required the Belgians to politically "edducate the locals and make them really fit", to prepare them for independence.
ellauri247.html on line 89: Catherine Eliza Somerville Stow (1 May 1856 – 27 March 1940), who wrote as K. Langloh Parker, was a South Australian born writer who lived in northern New South Wales in the late nineteenth century. She is best known for recording the stories of the Ualarai around her. Her testimony is one of the best accounts of the beliefs and stories of an Aboriginal people in north-west New South Wales at that time. However, her accounts reflect European attitudes of the time. Anyways, she was not around before Ridley. William Ridley (14 September 1819 – 26 September 1878) was an English Presbyterian missionary who studied Australian Aboriginal languages, particularly Gamilaraay, before Catherine was more than a twinkle in her daddy's eye. Baiame may have been some abo hero before Bill's arrival, but the details about his doings could still be coloured by the Middle Eastern tentmen's literary treasure brought in by Bill.
ellauri247.html on line 286: CICISBEO: In 18th- and 19th-century Italy, the cicisbeo (Italian: [tʃitʃiˈzbɛːo]; plural: cicisbei) or cavalier servente (French: chevalier servant) was the man who was the professed gallant or lover of a woman married to someone else. With the knowledge and consent of the husband, the cicisbeo attended his mistress at public entertainments, to church and other occasions, and had privileged access to this woman. The arrangement is comparable to the Spanish cortejo or estrecho and, to a lesser degree, to the French petit-maître.,(petit-maître m (plural petits-maîtres) (archaic) dandy, coxcomb). The exact etymology of the word is unknown; some evidence suggests it originally meant "in a whisper" (perhaps an onomatopeic word). Other accounts suggest it is an inversion of bel cece, which means "beautiful chick (pea)". According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first recorded usage of the term in English was found in a letter by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu dated 1718. The term appears in Italian in Giovanni Maria Muti's Quaresimale Del Padre Maestro Fra Giovanni Maria Muti De Predicatori of 1708 (p. 734).
ellauri247.html on line 288: This arrangement, called the cicisbeatura or cicisbeismo, was widely practised, especially among the nobility of the Italian cities of Genoa, Nice, Venice, Florence and Rome. While many contemporary references to cicisbei and descriptions of their social standing exist, scholars diverge on the exact nature of the phenomenon.Some maintain that this institution was defined by marriage contracts, others question this claim and see it as a peculiarity of 18th-century customs that is not well defined or easily explained. Other scholars see it as a sign of the increasing emancipation of aristocratic women in the 18th century.
ellauri247.html on line 419: Called the “Queen of the Blues”, Elizabeth Montagu led and hosted the Blue Stockings Society of England from about 1750. It was a loose organization of privileged women with an interest in education, but it waned in popularity at the end of the 18th century. It gathered to discuss literature, and also invited educated men to participate. Talk of politics was prohibited; literature and the arts were the main subjects. Many of the bluestocking women supported each other in intellectual endeavors such as reading, art work, and writing. Many also published literature. Dr. Johnson once wrote about Montagu, that “She diffuses more knowledge than any woman I know, or indeed, almost any man. Conversing with her, you may find variety in one“.
ellauri248.html on line 242: Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6 of the Book of Daniel) tells of how the biblical Daniel is saved from lions by the God of Israel "because I was found tasteless before them" (Daniel 6:22). It parallels and complements chapter 3, the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego: each begins with the jealousy of non-Jews towards successful Jews and an imperial edict requiring them to compromise their religion, and concludes with divine deliverance and a king who confesses the greatness of the God of the Jews and issues an edict of royal protection to the smug hookynoses. The tales making up chapters 1–6 of Daniel date no earlier than the Hellenistic period (3rd to 2nd century BC) and were probably originally independent, but were collected in the mid-2nd century BC and expanded shortly afterwards with the visions of the later chapters to produce the modern book.
ellauri249.html on line 391: In post-Napoleonic England, when there was a notable absence of Jews, Britain removed bans on "usury and moneylending," and Rubenstein attests that London and Liverpool became economic trading hubs which bolstered England's status as an economic powerhouse. Jews were often associated with being the moneymakers and financial bodies in continental Europe, so it is significant that the English were able to claim responsibility for the country's financial growth and not attribute it to Jews. It is also significant that because Jews were not in the spotlight financially, it took a lot of the anger away from them, and as such, antisemitism was somewhat muted in England. It is said that Jews did not rank among the "economic elite of many British cities" in the 19th century. Again, the significance in this is that British Protestants and non-Jews felt less threatened by Jews because they were not imposing on their prosperity and were not responsible for the economic achievements of their nation.
ellauri254.html on line 360: According to the extremely experienced Belgian slavist Emmanuel Waegemans, "who was and still is indeed considered to be the primus inter pares in Russian literature and culture from the eighteenth-century onwards", Russian thinkers themselves contributed largely to this movement: such examples would be the irrationalistic and mystical poetry and philosophy of Fyodor Tyutchev and Vladimir Solovyov or Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novels. It is remotely thinkable that these geeks could read the Western alphabet on their own.
ellauri254.html on line 373: Valeri Bryusov's novel The Fiery Angel is also well known. It tells the story of a 16th-century German scholar and his attempts to win the love of a young woman whose spiritual integrity is seriously undermined by her participation in occult practices and her dealings with unclean forceps. The novel served as the basis for Sergei Prokofiev's eponymous opera The Fiery Angel.
ellauri254.html on line 429: It is based on several medieval mystery plays, including the late 15th-century English morality play Everyman.
ellauri256.html on line 382: Professionally, Brik was everything and nothing: she tried to be a sculptor, a writer, a film actress, she worked in advertising and took balling lessons. She did not achieve great results in any of these fields. Yet, she founded one of Moscow's most famous literary salons of the 20th century. That salon outlived all others. “The literature was canceled, there was just the Briks' salon left, where writers met with KGB operatives,” Anna Akhmatova, who was not invited to the salon, jealously said.
ellauri256.html on line 505: By the mid-20th century, Western culture had become widespread throughout the world with the help of mass media, such as television, film, radio, and music. The term "Western culture" is used broadly to refer to traditions, social norms, religious beliefs, technologies, and political systems. Because the culture is so widespread today, the term "Western World" has taken on a cultural, economic, and political definition—but those definitions can differ from one another.
ellauri257.html on line 47: Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol (1 April [O.S. 20 March] 1809 – 4 March [O.S. 21 February] 1852) was a very short story writer and playwright of Ukrainian origin. Gogol was born in the Ukrainian Cossack town of Sorochyntsi, in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire. His mother was descended from Leonty Kosyarovsky, an officer of the Lubny Regiment in 1710. His father was supposedly Vasily Gogol-Yanovsky, who died when Gogol was 15 years old, was descendant of Ukrainian Cossacks (see Lyzohub family) and belonged to the 'petty gentry'. His father wrote poetry in Ukrainian almost as well as in Russian, and was an amateur playwright in his brother's home theatre. As was typical of the left-bank Ukrainian gentry of the early nineteenth century, the family spoke Ukrainian nearly as well as Russian. As a child, Gogol helped stage plays in his uncle's home theatre.
ellauri260.html on line 375: To meet this intolerable emptiness men turned to work, in order to derive from it a worthy aim for their lives. The nineteenth century in particular produced a fine and very successful idealism of work in this sense. With a feverish exaltation of all its forces and a concentration of all its interests it brought the whole of life into subjection to work, but its very success made its defects' clear to everybody, and awakened fresh concern - about the soul. That put wind into the sails ' of Socialism, but, as it recognised no soul beyond one's subjective experience, it could give man as, a whole no purpose and no substance.
ellauri262.html on line 227: Lewis's last novel, Till We Have Faeces, a retelling of the myth of Cupid and Psyche, was published in 1956. Although Lewis called it "far and away my best book," it was not as well-reviewed as his previous work. It is a retelling of the myth of Cupid and Psyche from the unusual perspective of Psyche's sister Peg. Mere Christianity was voted best book of the 20th century by Christianity Today in 2000.
ellauri263.html on line 449: Hebron is considered one of the oldest cities in the Levant. According to the Bible, Abraham settled in Hebron and bought the Cave of the Patriarchs as a burial place for his wife Sarah. Biblical tradition holds that the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, along with their wives Sarah, Rebecca, and Leah, were buried in the cave. Hebron is also recognized in the Bible as the place where David was anointed king of Israel. Following the Babylonian captivity, the Edomites settled in Hebron. During the first century BCE, Herod the Great built the wall which still surrounds the Cave of the Patriarchs, which later became a church, and then a mosque. With the exception of a brief Crusader control, successive Muslim dynasties ruled Hebron from the 6th century CE until the Ottoman Empire's dissolution following World War I, when the city became part of British Mandatory Palestine. A massacre in 1929 and the Arab uprising of 1936–39 led to the emigration of the Jewish community from Hebron. The 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw the entire West Bank, including Hebron, occupied and annexed by Jordan, and since the 1967 Six-Day War, the city has been under Israeli military occupation. Following Israeli occupation, Jewish presence was reestablished at the city. Since the 1997 Hebron Protocol, most of Hebron has been governed by the Palestinian National Authority.
ellauri263.html on line 621: Aleister Crowley (/ˈælɪstər ˈkroʊli/; born Edward Alexander Crowley; 12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947) who was an English occultist, philosopher, ceremonial magician, poet, painter, novelist, and mountaineer. He founded the religion of Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his miserable life.
ellauri264.html on line 195: understood that everything in our possession comes from G-d, has a specific purpose and must be used to its full potential. Elaborating on this, Rabbi Zadok HaKohen Rabinowitz (of 19th century Poland) teaches that the righteous
ellauri264.html on line 511: In the century after it was published by Karo (whose vision was a unified Judaism under the Sephardic traditions) it became the code of law for Ashkenazim, together with the later commentaries of Moses Isserles and the 17th century Polish rabbis.
ellauri264.html on line 694: This is when the philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli, a 16th-century Florentine political thinker with powerful advice for nice people who don’t get very far about , comes in. Machiavelli’s Advice for Nice Guys: Machiavelli noted a central, uncomfortable observation: that the wicked tend to win. And they do so because they have a huge advantage over the good: they are willing to act with the darkest ingenuity and cunning to further their cause. They are not held back by those rigid opponents of change: principles. They will be prepared to outright lie, twist facts, threaten or ge… (more)
ellauri267.html on line 1401: Even as late as the 19th century, "Sebastianist" peasants in the town of Canudos in the Brazilian sertão believed that the king would return to help them in their rebellion against the "godless" Brazilian republic.
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ellauri270.html on line 238: "The Daemon Lover" (Roud 14, Child 243) – also known as "James Harris", "A Warning for Married Women", "The Distressed Ship Carpenter", "James Herries", "The Carpenter’s Wife", "The Banks of Italy", or "The House-Carpenter" – is a popular ballad dating from the mid-seventeenth century, when the earliest known broadside version of the ballad was entered in the Stationers' Register on 21 February 1657.
ellauri270.html on line 345: Mrs. Dunbar is the only woman to draw in the lottery, and the discussion of her role in the ritual proceedings emphasizes the theme of family structure and gender roles. Women are considered so inferior that even a teenaged son would replace a mother as the “head of household.” Wow this is going back to last century, or to Afghanistan! The formality surrounding these proceedings shows Mrs. Dunbar’s involvement to be an anomaly for the village.
ellauri271.html on line 130: Ken on tuo apina jota tuolla kuopataan? Se on Vedenjapina, Marija, Jyrkin äisky. Minkä ikäisenä kuoli äiti Borjalta? The family claimed descent on the paternal line from Isaac Abarbanel, the famous 15th-century Sephardic Jewish philosopher, Bible commentator, and treasurer of Portugal. Ei ilmeisesti poikasena. Taivaanrannan maalari-isä hipsi pakoon komukoita Berliiniin 1921 ja nazeja Lontooseen 1938. Heippalander perheelle.
ellauri275.html on line 442: Toinen nimekäs poliittinen vanki on oppositiokanava Mtavarin omistaja Nika Gvaramia. Hänet on tuomittu korruptiosta. Mtavari (Georgian: მთავარი) was a feudal title in Georgia usually translated into English as Prince or Duke. In the 15th century the term mtavari was applied only to the five ruling princes of western Georgia (Samtskhe, Mingrelia, Guria, Svaneti, and Abkhazia), whose autonomous powers were finally eliminated under Imperialist Russia.
ellauri275.html on line 453: Chavchavadze's influence over Georgian literature was immense. He moved the Georgian poetic language closer to the vernacular, combining the elements of the formal wealth and somewhat artificial antiquated "high" style inherited from the 18th-century Georgian Renaissance literature, melody of Persian lyrical poetry, particularly Hafiz and Saadi, bohemian language of the streets of Tiflis and the moods and themes of European Romanticism. The subject of his works varied from purely anacreontic in his early period to deeply philosophic in his maturity.
ellauri277.html on line 239: Gibran did not have the training to imitate the old masters of Arabic literature: his education had been haphazard and was as much in English as in Arabic, and there is little evidence of the influence of classical Arabic literature in his works. Instead, his Arabic style was influenced by the Romantic writers of late 19th-century Europe and shows obvious traces of English syntax. His allegorical sketches of exile, oppression, and loneliness spoke to the experiences of immigrants and had none of the rhetorical decoration that made high Arabic literature difficult for ordinary readers. Gibran’s haphazard education meant that his Arabic, like his English, was never perfect.
ellauri277.html on line 253: The Prophet received tepid reviews in Poetry and The Bookman, an enthusiastic review in the Chicago Evening Post, and little else. On the other hand, the public reception was intense. It began with a trickle of grateful letters; the first edition sold out in two months; 13,000 copies a year were sold during the Great Depression, 60,000 in 1944, and 1,000,000 by 1957. Many millions of copies were sold in the following decades, making Gibran the best-selling American poet of the twentieth century. It is clear that the book deeply moved many people. When critics finally noticed it, they were baffled by the public response; they dismissed the work as sentimental, overwritten, artificial, and affected.
ellauri277.html on line 267: Gibran has generally been dismissed as sentimental and mawkishly [imelän] mystical. Nevertheless, his works are widely read and are regarded as serious literature by people who do not often read such literature. The unconventional beauty of his language and the moral earnestness of his ideas allow him to speak to a broad audience as only a handful of other twentieth-century American poets have. The sad fact is that a large majority of these monkeys are sentimental and mawkishly mystical.
ellauri284.html on line 132: 1Manifest destiny was a cultural belief in the 19th-century United States that American settlers were destined to expand across North America. There were three basic tenets to the concept:
ellauri285.html on line 143: The Michigan Relics (also known as the Scotford Frauds or Soper Frauds) are a series of alleged ancient artifacts that were "discovered" during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. They were presented by some to be evidence that people of an ancient Near Eastern culture had lived in North America and the U.S. state of Michigan, which, is known as pre-Columbian contact. Many scholars have determined that the artifacts are archaeological forgeries. The Michigan Relics are considered to be one of the most elaborate and extensive pseudoarchaeological hoaxes ever perpetrated in American history.
ellauri301.html on line 535: Molinism, named after 16th-century Spanish Jesuit theologian Luis de Molina, is the thesis that God has middle knowledge (or scientia media): the knowledge of counterfactuals, particularly counterfactuals regarding human action. It seeks to reconcile the apparent tension of divine providence and human free will. Prominent contemporary Molinists include William Lane Craig, Alfred Freddoso, Alvin Plantinga, Michael Bergmann, Thomas Flint, Kenneth Keathley, Dave Armstrong, John D. Laing, Timothy A. Stratton, Kirk R. MacGregor, and J.P. Moreland.
ellauri309.html on line 1066: Mikki on tietysti irlantilainen, kuten Noora, ja Mikin heppakaveri Mad Max, alias Mel Gibson. Gibson's mother, Anne Patricia Reilly, was born in Ardagh in County Longford. In fact, Mel is named after St. Mel's Cathedral, the fifth-century Irish saint, and founder of Gibson's mother's local native diocese, Ardagh. While his middle name, Colmcille, is the name the Catholic diocese of Ardagh. Mel Gibson's grandfather John H Gibson was a millionaire tobacco businessman from the American South.
ellauri310.html on line 758: Technology is reducing the weight and size of the modern MBT. A British military document from 2001 indicated that the British Army would not procure a replacement for the Challenger 2 because of a lack of conventional warfare threats in the foreseeable future. The obsolescence of the tank has been asserted, but the history of the late 20th and early 21st century suggested that MBTs were still necessary.
ellauri321.html on line 103: Among other books there fell into a guy named Hazlitt's hands a little volume of double interest to him by reason of his own early sojourn in America, and in a fitting connection he gave it a word of praise. In the Edinburgh Review for October, 1829, he speaks of it as giving one an idea “how American scenery and manners may be treated with a lively poetic interest. The pictures are sometimes highly colored, but they are vivid and strikingly characteristic.” “The author,” he continues, “gives not only the objects, but the feelings of a new country.” Hazlitt had read the book and had been delighted with it nearly a quarter of a century before he wrote of it, and in the earliest years of the century he had commended it warmly to his friends. In November, 1805, Lamb wrote: “Oh, tell Hazlitt not to forget the American Farmer. I dare say it is not so good as he fancies; but a book's a book.”* And it is this book, which not only gained the sympathies of Hazlitt and Charles Lamb, but also by its idealized treatment of American country life may possibly have stirred, as Professor Moses Coit Tyler thought, the imaginations of Byron and Coleridge.
ellauri321.html on line 107: J. Hector Saint John de Crèvecoeur was born at Caen on January 31, 1735, of a noble family which had played some part in Norman history as early as the eleventh century.
ellauri322.html on line 489: You are viewing an original antique oil painting on canvas by Paulette Bardy, listed French Impressionist of the early part of the 20th century. She was born in Fez, Morocco and her works were accepted and exhibited at the prestigious Salon des Artistes Francais in Paris. She was a pupil of French artist Charles Fouqueray and she also painted a series of controversial risque beach scenes, erotic in nature, titled "La Plage" and "Bord de Mer". Her landscapes are Impressionistic mixed with an influence of rural French folk art.
ellauri324.html on line 250: Why is America in such poor shape, with its crumbling roads, crappy power distribution, and pitiful public transport systems? It is because Americans have been propagandized for decades into believing that “liberty” is the ultimate virtue, and this “liberty” is so valuable that it justifies the cost of living as a selfish asshole under a dysfunctional government. “Raise taxes to pay for public infrastructure?” “Jeez Louise; over my dead body! Taxation is theft, government is bad!” For much of the 20th century, America defined itself against the collectivist USSR, and the fatuous argument was made that since everything was under the control of the state in the USSR, the US government should do as little as possible, apart from outspending the evil Commies in national defense.
ellauri332.html on line 402: In 17th-century Salem, Hester Prynne must wear a scarlet A because she is an adulteress, with a child out of wedlock. For seven years, she has refused to name the father. A vigorous older stranger arrives, recognized by Hester but unknown to others as her missing husband. He poses as Chillingworth, a doctor, watching Hester and searching out the identity of her lover. His eye soon rests on Dimmesdale, a young overwrought pastor. Enmity grows between the two men; Chillingworth applies psychological pressure, and the pastor begins to crack. A ship stops in Salem, and Hester sees it as a providential refuge for her daughter, herself, and her lover. But will Dimmesdale flee with her? Or without perhaps?
ellauri333.html on line 93: Ceylonese sources state that Ashoka succeeded his father Bindusara 314 years after Buddha's Nirvana and that his anointment took place four years after his father's death, or 218 years after the Nirvana. The Burmese tradition confirms the two dates 214 and 218. The traditional date of the Nirvana is 544 B.C. Various devices were proposed in order to account for this chronological error, until Fleet showed that the Buddha-varsha of 544 B. C. is a comparatively modern fabrication, of the twelfth century, and that the difference of about sixty years is the quite natural result of the buddhists bungling it again.
ellauri333.html on line 121: One of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world, Patna was founded in 490 BCE by the king of Magadha. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire throughout the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta, and Pala dynasties. Pataliputra was a seat of learning and fine arts. It was home to many astronomers and scholars including Aryabhata, Vātsyāyana and Chanakya. During the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) its population was about 400,000. Patna served as the seat of power, and political and cultural centre of the Indian subcontinent during the Maurya and Gupta empires. With the fall of the Gupta Empire, Patna lost its glory. The British revived it again in the 17th century as a centre of international trade. Following the partition of Bengal presidency in 1912, Patna became the capital of Bihar and Orissa Province.
ellauri334.html on line 318: The first “Christians” were the converted Gentiles in Antioch, the original disciples and followers of Jesus (including Judas) were referred to as Nazarenes. It is significant that the original Nazarenes were persecuted into extinction (or “fled into the wilderness,” as John the Revelator seen in a vision). The Gentile, or Christian church, systematically eliminated any Jewish belief or practice originating with the Nazarenes and created an orthodox theology based on Greek philosophy by the third century. It was beginning of the Times of the Gentiles.
ellauri342.html on line 561: Late in the 18th century, other printers began publishing the complete King James Bible. Isaac Collins printed his Bible in 1791; the Collins Bible became known as the first "Family Bible" printed in America. Isaiah Thomas published the first illustrated King James Bible in 1791.
ellauri345.html on line 270: Der Landsturm war im Militärwesen seit dem 15. Jahrhundert „das letzte Aufgebot“ aller Wehrpflichtigen, die weder dem Landheer noch der Marine angehören, zur Abwehr eines feindlichen Einfalls. Suomexi nostomies. The favorable comparison made by Lessing between the quintessential German poet, Goethe, and Mendelssohn is a mark of the esteem in which he was held. Lessing told Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi that once Goethe regained his reason, he would be hardly more than an ordinary man. At the very same time he said of Mendelssohn that he was the most lucid thinker, the most excellent philosopher, and the best literary critic of the century.
ellauri347.html on line 425: This myth rests on the premise that a combination of self-evident geopolitical weight, mutual economic interests and compensation for a century of economic repraisals are overriding imperatives for a successful reset with Russia – leading to a fully functional relationship among oligarchs. But the arrangement simply would not work. Mainly because Russia keeps being threatened by The West, and by the US in particular. It wasn't all about the commies, after all.
ellauri349.html on line 561: Since the turn of the century Saarinen's academic lecturing has centered at the Helsinki University of Technology, but he has also continued his business as a coach for Finnish companies and organisations, promoting a doctrine of self-actualization. The book written to commemorate his 60th birthday included contributions from many notable professors like Ilkka Niiniluoto and business tycoons such as Jorma Ollila and Matti Alahuhta.
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ellauri360.html on line 72: Vanity Fair visits Robbe-Grillet, sadomasochistic author and widow of novelist (and accomplished sadist) Alain Robbe-Grillet, at the 17th-century château in Normandy where she resides with Beverly Charpentier, the 51-year-old South African woman who is her submissive companion. Robbe grillet sadist - Robbe grillasi sadistia.
ellauri360.html on line 443: What is the “New Christianity”? AT THE START OF the twentieth century, the map of global Christianity that charismatic leaders D. L. Moody or Vladimir Lenin might have known had been completely reshaped. In 1900, only 10 percent of the world’s Christians lived in the continents of the south and east, but a century later at least 70 percent of the world’s Christians lived there. More Christians worshiped in Anglican churches in Nigeria each week than in all the Episcopal and Anglican churches of Britain, Europe, and North America combined. There were ten times more Assembly of God members in Latin America than in the United States. There were more Baptists in Congo than in Great Britain. And there were more people in church every Sunday in communist China than in all of Western Europe or in North America. Philip Jenkins, Distinguished Professor of History at Baylor University, said at the time that religion in the new century even showed signs of replacing ideology as the prime animating force in human affairs. “If we look beyond the liberal West,” he wrote in The Atlantic Monthly, we see that another Christian revolution... is already in progress.
ellauri360.html on line 445: Worldwide, Christianity is actually moving toward supernaturalism and [what he called] neo-orthodoxy, and in many ways toward the ancient world view expressed in the New Testament: a vision of Jesus as the embodiment of divine power, who overcomes the evil forces that inflict calamity and sickness upon the human race. Jenkins spoke especially of “the Global South” or those areas of the earth that Westerners once thought of as the Third World, and he argued that contemporary Christianity had shifted south and the earth’s preponderant weight appeared to be “pear-shaped.” In this south or Third World, Jenkins wrote, we find huge and growing Christian populations: at the dawning of the twenty-first century, 480 million in Latin America, 360 million in Africa, and 313 million in Asia, compared with 260 million in North America. The shift, he said, portended trouble for the traditional cultural empire of the North Atlantic, the liberal religious establishment. Perhaps the broadest public hint, Jenkins wrote, was provided by the 1998 Lambeth Conference, where southern Christians used their numerical clout to promote opinions thoroughly unfashionable in the North Atlantic (or the West). “Queen Victoria’s ex-empire,” said Jenkins, “from southern Africa to Singapore struck back.”
ellauri360.html on line 447: The growth of Christianity in post-colonial Africa had been especially relentless. In 1900, Africa had just 10 million Christians out of a continental population of 107 million, about 9 percent. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the Christian total stood at 360 million out of 784 million souls, or 46 percent. And that percentage, scholars predicted, was likely to continue rising, because Christian African countries had some of the world’s most dramatic rates of population growth. Within the first twenty-five years of the twenty-first century, scholars expected the population of the world’s Christians to grow to 2.6 billion, making Christianity by far the world’s largest faith. We must seek to describe this new Christianity even if we resort to western ways of seeing.
ellauri360.html on line 476: The story of the emergence and mission of the pentecostal and charismatic movements that follow is arguably the most important story of the twentieth century for understanding Christianity today. Measuring the expansion and growth of the Pentecostal denominations is only a fraction of the story because charismatic and Pentecostal influences are the primary contributors to nondenominationalism. Even more impressively, charismatic theology and practice now characterize many believers in the mainline denominations and Catholic life. American students of the movement observe three recent movements of the Spirit. The first wave refers to the outpouring of the Spirit at Azusa and the emergence of the major Pentecostal denominations that followed. American students of the movement observe three recent movements of the Spirit. The first wave refers to the outpouring of the Spirit at Azusa and the emergence of the major Pentecostal denominations that followed. The second wave denotes a sweeping encounter and embrace of charismatic life. spilling over into mainline Protestant denominations and Catholicism in the 1960s and early 1970s. The third wave saw the embrace of signs and wonders by conservatives; it began in the 1980s at Fuller Seminary in California around the teaching and ministry of John Wimber. The Vineyard network of churches is a lasting sign of this movement that saw many evangelicals swept into charismatic experience.
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ellauri362.html on line 289: "Tom and Jerry" was a commonplace phrase for young men given to drinking, gambling, and riotous living in 19th-century London, England. The term comes from Life in London; or, The Day and Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorn, Esq., and his elegant friend, Corinthian Tom (1821) by Pierce Egan, the British sports journalist who authored similar accounts compiled as Boxiana. However Brewer notes no more than an "unconscious" echo of the Regency era, and thus Georgian era, origins in the naming of the cartoon.
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ellauri365.html on line 280: "I cannot at all conceive in which century of history one could haul together such inquisitive and at the same time delicate psychologists as one can in contemporary Paris: I can name as a sample – for their number is by no means small, ... or to pick out one of the stronger race, a genuine Latin to whom I am particularly attached, Guy de Maupassant."
ellauri368.html on line 322: From a literary-historical standpoint, Revealer of Secrets holds immense interest. As Dov Taylor notes in his useful introduction, it was inspired by the eighteenth-century epistolary tradition initiated in England by Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740), in France by Rousseau's Nouvelle Héloïse (1760), and in Germany by Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (1774). Because Hebrew had as yet no novelistic tradition, Perl necessarily drew upon the prevailing norms of European fiction. Thus arose the beginning of modern Hebrew literature in the margins of eighteenth-century fiction
ellauri368.html on line 327: Revealer of Secrets is particularly pertinent at the end of the twentieth century. We seem to be post-everything in this fin-de-siècle twilight of the millennium. Our age is called post-War, post-Shoah, post-Soviet Union, post-Cold War, and maybe even post Zionist. Aaron Lansky calls the new building for the National Yiddish Book Center "heymish modern," but others will say that it is post-shtetl or post-modern. In our crowded post-age obsessed by imitation, influence, and parody, the time is right for a rediscovery of Joseph Perl's masterful parody of hasidic writing.
ellauri369.html on line 387: Neopaganist humorist Charles Godfrey Leland (1824-1903) read it through forty times ere he left college, of which he kept count. He went on to write Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, which became a primary source text for Neopaganism half a century later.
ellauri370.html on line 88: According to the Hebrew Bible, Amalek was the son of Eliphaz (himself the son of Esau, ancestor of the Edomites and the brother of Israel) and Eliphaz's concubine Timna. Timna was a Whorite and sister of Lotan. According to a midrash, Timna was a princess who tried to convert to Judaism. However, she was rejected by Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. She replied she would rather be a handmaiden to the dregs of Israel than be a mistress of another gentile nation. To punish the Patriarchs for their attitudes, Timna birthed Amalek, whose descendants would cause Israel much distress. This Amalek was also the product of an incestuous union since Eliphaz was Timna's stepfather, according to 1 Chronicles 1:36, after he committed adultery with the wife of Seir the Horite, who was Timna's biological father. First-century Roman-Jewish scholar and historian Flavius Josephus refers to Amalek as a "bastard" (νόθος) in a derogatory sense. 'Amalek' oli vähän kuin 'Vanja' suomalaisille.
ellauri372.html on line 542: Riimin sanat "swear for" ja "wherefore" ja "ecclesiastic" ja "kepin sijasta" ovat yllättäviä, luonnottomia mutta humoristisia. Lisäksi "-don dwelling" ja "a-colonelling" riimi on jännitetty katkeamiseen saakka, jälleen humoristisen vaikutuksen vuoksi. Mitä vittua, "colonel" ääntyi /kolönel/ 1600-luvulla!? Moukka! “Colonel” came to English from the mid-16th-century French word coronelle, meaning commander of a regiment, or column, of soldiers. By the mid-17th century, the spelling and French pronunciation had changed to colonnel. The English spelling also changed, but the pronunciation was shortened to two syllables for no good reason. By the early 19th century, the current pronunciation and spelling became standard in English. But in the part of Virginia I come from, there is no “r” sound; it’s pronounced kuh-nul. (David Miller, Curator, Armed Forces History, National Museum of American History).
ellauri381.html on line 130: Ukrainian nationalism emerged as an ideology in the first third of the 20th century and bears a close resemblance to German Nazism and a number of other far-right ideologies of the time. This is attested to by its extreme intolerance, its craving for immediate political action, violence, and the denial of rights to minorities.
ellauri381.html on line 599: The great writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn predicted the current situation in Ukraine almost half a century ago. The Nobel laureate wrote: "With Ukraine, things will get extremely painful. Some regions on the left bank of the river Dnepr clearly lean more towards Russia. As for Crimea, Khrushchev's decision to hand it over to Ukraine was totally arbitrary."
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ellauri386.html on line 385: Raleigh's poem is a departure from the more idealized and romantic treatments of love that were common in Elizabethan poetry. It reflects the growing skepticism and disillusionment with love that began to emerge during the Renaissance. It also foreshadows the more cynical and satirical treatments of love that would become prevalent in the following century. Lizzy loved it until she found out that Walt was actually thinking of the servant.
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The journals flourishing at the start of the century resembled imperial corporations in the extent to which they promoted individual authors, aiding the so-called "minor" romantics in particular. "Old China" illustrates this historically symbiotic collaboration of author with organ not only through its external context in the highly topical London Magazine, but also especially internally, in the essay's ventriloquization of Coleridge.
ellauri389.html on line 79: In fact it was both the soil and a mastery of firing techniques, bolstered by a fiercely protectionist economy, that maintained Chinese porcelain superiority for so long. For much of the eighteenth century, British porcelain manufacturers were unable to replicate the intense heats required to properly fire porcelain. In addition, China further strained British market development by requiring all payment to be in specie and by remaining closed to foreign traders. As a result, when in the late eighteenth century the firing process was finally mastered by domestic china makers such as Wedgwood, Minton, and Spode, China's fierce restrictions against import trade still prevented the British competitors from threatening the supremacy of Chinese industry. A British mission to open China, for example, was stalled as late as 1816. Ironically, this disadvantageous balance of trade between Britain and China actually added to porcelain's appeal.
ellauri389.html on line 95: In the early nineteenth century, Britain began a reverse trade into China of opium, a product of Britain's colonial holdings in India and the Levant. The economic consequences of this dumping of opium into China were significant, as the drug, which rendered many Chinese addicted consumers, augmented the reversal of Britain's previous consumer subjugation to China in their desire for porcelain and tea, and indeed evocatively displaced a kind of chinamania to China itself. With its catastrophic vision of obsessive Chinese consumers, the "Dissertation upon Roast Pig" is a comically topical glimpse of such opium-like needs and, as such, the earlier essay, like opium, paves the way for the kind of unencumbered pleasure in consumption that "Old China" relates. "Kubla Khan" was written under the influence of opium.
ellauri389.html on line 455: Donne’s poetry is marked by strikingly original departures from the conventions of 16th-century English verse, particularly that of Sir Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser.
ellauri391.html on line 547: Ultimately, Kimhi’s work elucidates the essential sameness of thinking and being that has exercised Western philosophy since its inception. "To his admirers, Kimhi is a hidden giant, a profound thinker…Strives to do a lot in a short space, aiming to overthrow views about logic and metaphysics that have prevailed in philosophy for a century."
ellauri391.html on line 566: It is not easy to summarize Kimhi’s book. Though only 166 pages, it strives to do a lot in a short space, aiming to overthrow views about logic and metaphysics that have prevailed in philosophy for a century. And though characterized by a precision of expression, the book is not what you would call lucid. Reading it is less about working through a series of rigorous, detailed arguments — the dominant mode of contemporary Anglophone philosophy — and more about getting accustomed to a radically different way of looking at fundamental philosophical questions, including What is thinking? and What is the relationship between thinking and the world?
ellauri398.html on line 1003: Bernard Lonergan was a Canadian Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian, regarded by many as the most important thinker of the 20th century.
ellauri399.html on line 186: Yogananda's particular genius was showing the modern applicability of these ancient principles, attuning himself to an audience who aspired as much to outer success as inner growth by delivering talks on topics like "The Science of Healing" and "The Art of Getting What You Want." In that regard, he was a forerunner to 21st-century psychologists, physicians, psychotherapists, and neuroscientists who are generating powerful scientific findings on human nature and well-being--all aligned with Yogananda's teachings on consciousness, thoughts, emotions, habits, and brain wiring.
ellauri406.html on line 220: After a century or so, the contents would have turned into a sort of candy reputedly capable of healing broken limbs and other ailments. These goodies would then be sold in street markets as a hard to find item with a hefty price. Arabic mūmīya comes from mūm "wax".
ellauri408.html on line 285: First century Israel was a tiny country with only a few cities. It wouldn’t take long to go through all the cities of Israel.
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ellauri409.html on line 348: Tags: 19th century poems dramatic monologue jobs poverty and social deprivation vernacular
ellauri411.html on line 197: This ended in the destruction of the Jewish community in Egypt. Attacks, riots, and mobs became more and more common in the Jewish quarter through the first century CE. The Romans took away their land and the entire Jewish population in Egypt was gradually eliminated.
ellauri412.html on line 55: The second Isaiah section, Deutero-Isaiah, was likely written by an anonymous writer (or writers) in the Sixth century BCE when the Jewish people were in exile. This is a time jump of approximately 150 years; the city of Jerusalem has already been destroyed and the people are living in captivity. It is not likely that Proto Isaiah was acquainted with Lälli Kooros the Second, four-wheel drive cherubs notwithstanding. Ne jotka kannattavat näkemystä kolmesta kirjoittajasta, jakavat kirjan toisen kerran luvun 55 kohdalta. Heidän mukaansa Tritojesaja on lisännyt kirjaan vielä Babylonin episodin jälkeen fan fiction tyyppisiä siikveleitä.
ellauri425.html on line 527: In the chaos of the postmodern 21st century, Europe and the United States nevertheless are still likely to share the same enemies and friends. Both resent the asymmetrical Chinese approach to global commerce, based on a mercantilism that would never allow Europe and the United States to treat China as it does both. The Europeans and the Americans are both worried about a vastly expanding conventional and nuclear Chinese military. Neither wants Iran to develop nuclear-tipped missiles with ranges to hit the capitals of both. They do not want Russian President Vladimir Putin to recreate the former Soviet Union’s borders.
ellauri426.html on line 49: “I want to warn the country of some things that give me great concern. And this is a dangerous concern. And that’s the dangerous concentration of power in the hands of a very few ultra-wealthy people. Today, an oligarchy is taking shape in America of extreme wealth, power and influence that literally threatens our entire democracy, our basic rights and freedoms, and a fair shot for everyone to get ahead. “They (the good guy democrats) didn’t punish the wealthy. They just made the wealthy play by the rules everybody else had to. Workers wanted rights to earn their fair share. They were dealt into the deal, and it helped put us on a path to building the largest middle class and the most prosperous century any nation in the world has ever seen. We’ve got to do that again. I’m equally concerned about the potential rise of a tech industrial complex that could pose real dangers for our country, as well. “Americans are being buried under an avalanche of misinformation and disinformation, enabling the abuse of power. The free press is crumbling, editors are disappearing.
ellauri434.html on line 192: Bulgakov’s canonisation is also perpetuated in UK universities. As a new lecturer, I was taken to task by a senior colleague for including Collaborators in an undergraduate comparative literature course on political drama. How could I present students with Hodge’s nasty falsehoods about a great anti-Soviet writer? I agreed to repair the damage by pairing Collaborators with Andrew Upton’s The White Guard, a version in English of Bulgakov’s play The Day of the Turbins. Confusingly, Upton gave his version the name of the Bulgakov’s novel, The White Guard, on which The Day of the Turbins is based. That was the novel, intended to be a War and Peace for the twentieth century, that Bulgakov hoped to finish during his visit to Kyiv in 1923. Set in the years of civil war that followed the 1917 revolution, it depicts a principled and loving Russian Empire family, the Turbins, who are beset on all sides by invading forces, political opportunists, avant-garde writers, and brutish Ukrainian nationalists. By 1925, only two thirds of the novel had been published when the journal in which it was serialised was shut down. Undeterred, Bulgakov began to adapt the novel as a play for the Moscow Arts Theatre. While very popular, The Day of the Turbins was more akin to pre-revolutionary Chekhov than the dystopian dramas, propagandistic mass spectacles, and constructivist films set on Mars of its time. The play’s survival into the 1940s was probably facilitated by means of an ambiguous musical conclusion: the arrival of the Red Army in Kyiv and singing of the Internationale could be at once sinister, ironic, or celebratory. Where Stalin and the censors were certain that the play celebrated Bolshevik power, my colleague was convinced that the ending demonstrated Bulgakov’s concealed and stalwart opposition to the same.
ellauri434.html on line 198: By translating “Kiev — town” I hope that those who continue to love Bulgakov at a safe distance from Russia’s war and genocide will be able to understand the devil better. As readers we could start by following Zabuzhko’s advice from 2015 to “stop indulging the late Bulgakov’s complexes as if he were still alive”. We could listen more carefully to those who point out Bulgakov’s chauvinism and be slower to accuse them of being the chauvinists. And rather than restricting ourselves to a twentieth-century Russian literary canon of authors regarded as timeless dissidents, we could start paying attention to those they belittle, silence, and exclude.
ellauri435.html on line 437: This myth rests on the premise that a combination of self-evident geopolitical weight, mutual economic interests and compensation for a century of economic repraisals are overriding imperatives for a successful reset with Russia – leading to a fully functional relationship among oligarchs. But the arrangement simply would not work. Mainly because Russia keeps being threatened by The West, and by the US in particular. It wasn't all about the commies, after all.
ellauri443.html on line 357: Mitä vetoa et Skunkki kehuu tänkin sekopään ihan kuplixi? No tottakai. 20th century problem of personal reality, of the self and its interaction w/behavioral norms, siitähän kenkä taas puristaa. What is the moral sense? Where does it come from? What if one ain't got it? Is that good or bad?
ellauri443.html on line 391: Ishiguro is a postmodernist writer who was concerned with considering the past from a late twentieth century postmodernist perspective.
ellauri445.html on line 294: The conservative party supported the aristocratic political assembly of the areopagus while the democratic faction in Athens encouraged reforms in the popular assembly at Pnyx known as ekklesia. The leader of the democratic party was Ephialtes (5th century BCE) who was Pericles' mentor. (Not the same Stan who made his mark at Marathon.)
ellauri445.html on line 420: Onko anglosaxeissa existentialisteja? Onko ne olleet liian menestyneitä kaupankäynnissä ja sodissa? Existentialist philosophy encompasses a range of perspectives, but it shares certain underlying concepts. Among these, a central tenet of existentialism is that personal freedom, individual responsibility, and deliberate choice are essential to the pursuit of self-discovery and the determination of life's meaning. Although the most popular voices of this movement were French, most notably Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, as well as compatriots such as Albert Camus, Gabriel Marcel, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, the conceptual groundwork of the movement was laid much earlier in the nineteenth century by pioneers like
ellauri445.html on line 430: Amerikkalaiset kyllä vannovat samojen personalististen talousliberaalien käsitysten nimiin mutta ne on positiivareita eikä tollasia hapannaamoja. Hemingvautakin on haukuttu hyparchistixi. The Irish, French-based writer Samuel Barclay Beckett was a giant in the field of European 20th-century literature, producing novels, short stories, poetry and translations, although he is probably best-known as an influential playwright. Beckett took a somewhat pessimistic approach to the school of Existentialism. He did this by arguing that life has no meaning, while our human desire is to try and attach meaning to everything. Play it again Sam! Right on! Way to go!
ellauri447.html on line 285: The Encratites were an ascetic 2nd-century sect of Christians who forbade marriage and counselled abstinence from meat. Eusebius says that Tatiana was the author of this heresy. It has been supposed that it was these Gnostic Encratites who were chastised in the epistle of 1 Timothy. Tatiana kirjoitti, että Vanhan testamentin kautta hän vakuuttui pakanuuden järjettömyydestä. Älytöntä ståkukin vaginassa nuohoomista huohottaen hikisessä kasassa.
ellauri447.html on line 287: Tatian of Adiabene, or Tatian the Syrian or Tatian the Assyrian, was an Assyrian Christian writer and theologian of the 2nd century. Tatian's most influential work is the Diatessaron, a Biblical paraphrase, or "harmony", of the four gospels that became the standard text of the four gospels in the Syriac-speaking churches until the 5th-century, after which it gave way to the four separate gospels in the Peshitta version.
ellauri448.html on line 529: The Battle of Gaza is fought between Fatah and Hamas, and ends with Hamas gaining control of the Gaza Strip. Greece's worst heat wave in a century, at least 11 people are reported dead from heatstroke, approximately 200 wildfires break out nationwide, and the country's electricity grid nearly collapses due to record breaking demand. The International Olympic Committee awards Sochi the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympics. In December 2017, the IOC voted to suspend the Russian Olympic Committee.
ellauri449.html on line 644: Gōng'àn (public case) literature developed at some point in between the late Tang dynasty (10th century) to the Song dynasty (960–1279), though the details are unclear. They arose out of the collections of the recorded sayings of Chán masters and "transmission" texts like the Transmission of the Motor Bike. These sources contained numerous stories of famous past Chán masters which were used to educate Zen students.
ellauri449.html on line 676: Shakyamuni l. Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (lit. 'the awakened one'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a wandering semi ascetic. According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism.
ellauri453.html on line 75: Mutta kuunnelkaapas tätä: In 2022 he published the first of a series of mystery novels set in an alternate reality version of 20th century history, in which following the end of World War II Hungary does not become a communist Eastern Bloc nation, but rather develops into an independent and successful Switzerland-like capitalist country. Some of the same characters who appear in his "Sinful Budapest" cycle also appear or are referenced in the new counterfactual/speculative fiction series. Tää jätkä on selkeästi joku vitun antikommunisti. Sitä joka pakeni kommunisteja tuli auttaa kaikin keinoin.
ellauri458.html on line 234: Thus, the Hohenstaufen faction became known as the Ghibellines and the Welfs eventually became known as the Guelphs. The Ghibellines were the imperial party, while the Guelphs supported the pope.
Was Dante a Guelph or a Ghibelline? In the late 13th century, two major parties controlled Florence: the Black Guelphs who were nominally aligned with the Pope, and the White Guelphs who supported independence for the city-state. When the Guelphs won the struggle for control of Florence (at the 1289 Battle of Campaldino, in which Dante fought), they broke into two further factions: the Whites and the Blacks. Dante became a White Guelph, siding with those who wanted less interference from the Pope in the temporal affairs of the city. The Guelphs supported the papacy, and the Ghibellines supported the Holy Roman Emperor; Dante was a Guelph. However, he was a white Guelph (as opposed to a black Guelph): his group were seen to be unfaithful to the papacy and therefore many of their important figures were exiled from Florence.
ellauri461.html on line 194: Two prominent Ashkenazi families claim descent from two brothers who lived in Spain during the 13th century AD. The Epsteins´ alleged patriarch was rabbi Aharon brn Yosef haLevi. The Horowitzes´ alleged patriarch was rabbi Pinhas, rabbi Aharon´s older brother and mentor. These brothers were the direct male descendants of rabbi Zehariyah ben Yitzhak haLevi Gerondi (died after 1186). The first known male Horowitz was Yishayahu ben Moshe haLevi ish Horovoce who came to Prague on the late 15th . from the village of Horovice. The first male Epstein was Yaakov (Koppelman) ben Nayan haLevi who came to Frankfurt aM in the early 15th C from the town of Eppstein. Witzi nää veitikat on sisäsiittosia.
ellauri461.html on line 251: Molemmat pekonit sanoivat: scientia est potestas. Olikohan Erkki näin? Roger Bacon was a 13th-century Franciscan monk and philosopher who emphasized the importance of empirical evidence in understanding the world. His work laid the foundations for the scientific method. Although he didn´t explicitly use the phrase "scientia potestas," his belief in the power of knowledge aligns closely with the sentiment expressed by it. Roger oli ruudinkexijä, Francis pakastekanan.
ellauri468.html on line 225: Sodassakin - ja juurikin siellä - kuhnurit vaan kyttää tilaisuutta päästä viivalle ja saada keppi likoon. Huoneessa haisi saapasrasvalta, peseytymättömältä mieheltä ja mahorkalta. Sodassa ei ole tilaa rakkaudelle, Marija. Laihakätisen Annan ihastus Oleksii oli syntynyt Tshernihivissä Ukrainassa. Venäjä sai Tshernihivin alueen toviksi hallintaansa hyökkäyssodan alussa, mutta sittemmin Tshernihiv oli säästynyt suuremmilta iskuilta. Kaupunki sijaitsee noin 145 kilometriä Ukrainan pääkaupungista Kiovasta pohjoiseen, lähellä Valko-Venäjän rajaa. if Chernihiv had fallen 2022, the defense of Kyiv would have become impossible. Oleksii's friend Lieutenant Colonel Artem Linkov was sustained an injury to the head. Artem witnessed the death of his friend Oleksii. Artillery shells hit Oleksii's T-64. He screamed that he was burning. Tanks rounds began to cook off, causing Oleksii's body to be ejected from the tank. Volodymyr Zelenskyy handed the Gold Star of the Hero of Ukraine award to Iryna, wife of Oleksii. On 9 February 2023, Chernihiv City Council released a list of streets which they plan to rename. Hrybojedova street will become Oleksii Seniuk street. Current street is named for Alexander Griboyedov, a 19th century Russian diplomat, playwright, poet, and composer. Hrybojedova street was renamed Oleksii Seniuk street by Chernihiv City Council on 9 February 2023.
ellauri468.html on line 582: Deighton's character is described as working class, living in a back street flat and seedy hotels, and shopping in supermarkets. He wears glasses, is hindered by bureaucracy, and craves a pay rise. It is revealed in passing that he is from Burnley, Lancashire, and that he was born in 1922 or 1923. From the first novel onwards, the narrator shows knowledge of fine food and drink, painting, classical and 20th-century music, jazz, military history, and Latin.
ellauri471.html on line 134: Beam me up Scott! The uniform he is wearing is a Royal Navy uniform from the early 20th century. It features: A dark blue or black jacket, a high collar with red trim and white piping, gold buttons and shoulder epaulets. Scott is well-known for leading two expeditions to the Antarctic, including the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition to the South Pole in 1911, where he got beat by Roald Amundsen. Scott oli suuren luokan tunari ja lisäxi kiero petkunterä, siis tyypillinen britti. I promise, trust me, you leave me no choice. WTF, would have been better for the penguins if the dogs had eat them both.
ellauri471.html on line 470: Stratcheyn psykoanalyyttinen biografia Elisabet ykköisestä ja Essexistä, joka löytyi Ogelin kierrätyskeskuxen tunkkaisesta ilmaishyllystä, vaikutti ensi näkemältä misogyyniseltä. Mut hei eikös Lytton ollutkin suklaaosaston miehiä? Kyllä vain! Giles Lytton Strachey (1 March 1880 – 21 January 1932) was a British writer and critic. Lytton Strachey was a key member of the Cambridge Apostles, an elite, secretive intellectual society at Cambridge University, alongside future Bloomsbury Group faggot figures like John Maynard Keynes and E.M. Forster, where they discussed ideas and formed "organic" bonds, heavily influencing Stretchy's critical and literary work, including his "seminal" biographical essays that redefined biography for the 20th century. Members serially inserted in the next fellow's dark star they debated liberalism, art, and politics, with Stretchy's wit and iconoclasm fitting perfectly within the group's ethos. Lytton jakoi Alan Searlen tähtianista Somerset Maughamin kanssa, "my Bronzino boy".
ellauri475.html on line 236: New Yorkin rahamaailman aviisin, Seinäkadun lehden erikoiskirjeenvaihtaja Yaroslav Trofimov sanoo että Nato on kuollut. Ei siis ihme että standup koomikko ei huolinut Naton turvatakuita. Löin vetoa että myös Yaroslav on Ukrainan juutalainen, ja century-history/">sehän se tietty olikin. Haljut silmät ja koukkunenä vahvistivat asian. Kuten arvasin kaveri on ollut Kiovassa neuvomassa ex maanmiehiä. Onkohan se käynyt neuvomassa heimoveljiä myös Gazassa? No tietysti:
ellauri475.html on line 414: The camp operated from 1959 until 1967. It consisted of 21 tunnels with a total length of 9,800 feet (3.0 km) and was powered by a nuclear reactor. Project Iceworm was aborted after realization that the ice sheet was not as stable as originally assessed, and that the missile base concept would not be feasible. The reactor was removed and Camp Century later was abandoned. However, hazardous waste remains buried under the ice and has become an environmental concern. Myrkyt eivä lähde liikkeelle ennen vuotta 2100, lupaa John Wayne & Co. "In other words: there is no risk that the debris will come to the surface due to melting before 2100". The contamination is estimated to occur in the twenty-second century or later. Tälläsiä kämppiä on luikertava Rutte luvannut Grönlannin (eli Tanskan, hehe) puolesta nyt lisää Daddylle. Ja luvan kaivaa mineraalit maasta maailman tappiin saakka.
ellauri476.html on line 133: 1In George Sand's autobiographical novel Elle et lui (She and He, 1859), the main figures were fictionalized versions of herself, named Thérèse Jacques, and her tumultuous lover, the poet Alfred de Musset, represented as painter Laurent de Fauvel, depicting their passionate, difficult relationship and journey to Italy. When Alfred de Musset and George Sand met in 1833, Musset was 23 years old, and Sand was 29, making her a cougar six years his senior3, beginning their famous but tumultuous romance. The novel sparked controversy, leading to responses from Musset's brother and others, solidifying its basis in Sand's real-life affair with de Musset. Lui: Thérèse (George Sand): Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, a famous female novelist known for her strong personality and male pseudonym, representing Sand's artistic and emotional self. Il: Laurent (Alfred de Musset): A brilliant but tormented poet and dramatist whose passionate but destructive relationship with Sand became legendary in 19th-century French literature. Published two years after de Musset's death, Elle et lui was Sand's fictionalized account of their intense, often painful love affair, a well-known episode from her life. The novel's publication caused a stir, with many criticizing Sand for her portrayal of de Musset and their relationship. Alfred de Musset's brother published Lui et Elle (He and She) in response, defending his brother's memory, and the literary world became embroiled in debate. From their love at first sight to their tumultuous relationship involving excesses of all sorts, deceptions, baths and tears, the ...
ellauri476.html on line 362: Tönnies (n.h.) oli kirjeenvaihdossa Harald Höffdingin (n.h. either) kanssa ja harrasti Hobbesia. Solisaliraatti rikkaasta perheestä Schleswig-Holstein ista. 1855-1936, erotettiin natsiaikana. Also known as: Ferdinand Julius Tönnies, Britannica Editors History Ask Anything Tönnies, Ferdinand Tönnies, Ferdinand Ferdinand Tönnies, bust in Husum, Germany. Ferdinand Tönnies (born July 26, 1855, near Oldenswort, Schleswig—died April 9, 1936, Kiel, Germany) was a German sociologist whose theory reconciled the organic and social-contract conceptions of society. A teacher at the University of Kiel from 1881, Tönnies was best known for Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887; Community and Society, 1957). He was well known in Great Britain for his English-language editions of writings by the 17th-century philosopher Thomas Hobbes.
ellauri477.html on line 315: Mainio vallankumous (the Glorious Revolution) was the deposition of King James II in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband, James's nephew William III of Orange. The two ruled as joint monarchs of England, Scotland, and Ireland until Mary's death in 1694, when William became ruler in his own right. Jacobitism, the political movement that aimed to restore the exiled James or his descendants of the House of Stuart to the throne, persisted into the late 18th century. Jakobiitteja ei pie sekottaa jakobiineihin jotka oli Robespierren aikaisia vasemmistoliberaaleja.
ellauri478.html on line 291: Jonathan Edwards, an 18th-century theologian, described him as a fountain pen overflowing with goodness: God’s self-glorification leads to the greatest possible joy and fulfillment for His creation. By glorifying Himself, God invites us into a relationship with Him, where we can experience the fullness of His love and purpose.
ellauri479.html on line 306: The 19th-century scholar Edward Robinson proposed that Gath be identified with Tell es-Safi, and this identification was generally accepted until the early 20th century, when it began to be questioned. In the 1920s, dumb American archaeologist W. F. Albright disputed this identification, writing that "The archaeological exploration of Tell el-Safi did not yield a shred of evidence for the identification with Gath." Albright suggested another site, Tell 'Areini (now close to the city of Kiryat Gat) which, despite some opposition, was accepted to the point that the Israel Government Names Committee renamed it as Tel Gat in 1953. However, excavations at Tell 'Areini starting in 1959 found no traces of Middle Bronze Age.
ellauri480.html on line 167: 
ellauri480.html on line 170: Pillar figures are first found in small numbers around Judah in the 10th century BCE, then grew somewhat in geographic distribution and greatly in attestation. A single archaeological site could reveal them in the hundreds like in Jerusalem, or over a thousand like in Cuntillet Ajrud, so museums and universities contain a great number. They were mass-produced in the productive milieu leading up to the Bronze Age collapse. These figurines were likely used in private rituals stuck in the worshippers¨ private parts.
ellauri481.html on line 177: Jonathan Edwards: America's Daring Theologian. The Time Has Come: Saul Kills The Priests of Knob And Their Families. Or Rather, Snoop Dogg The Sodomite Does. Fucking Noobies. Jonathan Edwards (born October 5, 1703, East Windsor, Connecticut [U.S.]—died March 22, 1758, Princeton, New Jersey) was the greatest theologian and philosopher of British American Puritanism, simulator of the religious revival known as the “Great Awakening,” and one of the forerunners of the age of Protestant missionary expansion in the 19th century. Sitä Wilhonkin on siis kiittäminen helluntaiherätyxestä ja englannin taidosta.
ellauri481.html on line 199: His next booklet defending original sin was mainly a reply to the English divine John Taylor of Norwich, whose works attacking Calvinism (based on a thought of the 16th-century Protestant reformer John Calvin) had “made a mighty noise in America.”
ellauri481.html on line 209: God’s glory, not human happiness, is his end in creation; this is because God in his self-sufficient fullness must communicate himself by the exercise of his attributes. God can be said to aim at his creatures' happiness, but it is a happiness that consists in contemplating and rejoicing in God’s glory manifested in creation and redemption. True virtue, therefore, does not spring from self-love or from any earthbound altruism (two prime 18th-century views); love to self, family, nation, or even humankind is good only if these lesser evils do not usurp the place of highest regard that belongs to God alone.
ellauri483.html on line 736: The battle was later made an incident in a few 21st century novels. The Triumph of the Sun (2005) by Wilbur Smith concentrates mainly on the siege of Khartoum and the fate of the defeated, but carries the story through to Kitchener's campaign. The 2008 novel After Omdurman by John Ferry is also partly set during the 1898 re-conquest of Sudan, with the book's lead character, Evelyn Winters, playing a peripheral role in the fighting, whacking the coons with her umbrella. The main focus of Jake Arnott's The Devil's Paintbrush (2009) is the life of Hector MacDonald but also includes the battle and Kitchener's railway-building drive through Sudan.
ellauri483.html on line 1166: Kim was born in Japanese-ruled Korea and grew up in northeast China. During his teenage years, he became a communist and joined various anti-Japanese guerrilla groups, eventually joining the Chinese Communist Party in 1931, in which year northeast China was occupied by Japan. Kim took part in several groups led by the CCP. In 1942, he was assigned to the Soviet Red Army, leading him to stay in the Soviet Union until 1945. (Palin alleged he squatted in Russia 1935-45.) Following the division of Korea after Japan's surrender in World War II, he was put into power by the Soviet Union in North Korea. Kim Il Sung authorized the invasion of South Korea in 1950, triggering an intervention in defense of South Korea by the United Nations led by the United States. Following the military stalemate in the Korean War, a ceasefire was signed in July 1953. He was the third-longest serving non-royal head of state and government in the 20th century, in office for more than 45 years.
ellauri496.html on line 308: The song "On the Road to Mandalay," with its lyrics drawn from Rudyard Kipling's 1890 poem, profoundly shaped Western cultural depictions of Burma (now Myanmar). Kipling's verse, amplified by Oley Speaks' 1907 musical setting, irrevocably altered public perceptions of Burma in English-speaking countries, often prioritizing sentimental escapism over historical realities of colonial exploitation, constructing the East as a sensual, inferior "other" to affirm Western cultural dominance, with Burma reduced to a site of erotic fantasy and sensory escape rather than a sovereign entity. The poem, inspired by Kipling's brief 1889 visit to Moulmein rather than Mandalay itself, perpetuates inaccuracies that prioritize imperial romanticism over empirical reality, sustaining Anglo-Saxon expansionism amid late-19th-century geopolitical strains.
ellauri497.html on line 201: "Bolshevismi ja olot Venäjällä" by K. N. Rauhala is a historical account written in the early 20th century. This work discusses the conditions in Russia during and following the Bolshevik Revolution, attempting to provide an in-depth analysis of both the political landscape and the social repercussions of the new regime. The author seems to focus on the various sources of information regarding the state of affairs in Bolshevik Russia, aiming to separate factual information from propaganda and sensationalism. The opening of the text establishes the context of the author’s discourse as a response to the general confusion surrounding the Russian Revolution and its aftermath. Rauhala reflects on the discrepancies in reports about the conditions in Russia, citing numerous instances where disinformation has prevailed over the truth. He expresses a clear intent to sift through the available data, utilizing both Bolshevik and anti-Bolshevik sources, to form a coherent perspective that would equip readers with reliable insights about the developing situation in Russia. Rauhala's initial remarks lay a foundation for a comprehensive exploration of the socio-political theories of communism as practiced by the Bolsheviks, as well as their practical implications. (This is an automatically generated summary.)
ellauri497.html on line 597: Having a 5th-century Arthurian druid literally lurking in a standard roadside bush created a brilliant sense of "suburban enchantment" for academic Brits. It said nothing to the American readership. Merlin's magic was okay because it was white (rather like miracles), although Bible condemns magic sternly and repeatedly. Ransom explains that God "closed the gate" on Merlin's kind of magic too after Merlin's era because after that humanity would only abuse it.
ellauri498.html on line 606: Historically, the SP was dismissed by many south-minded scholars as theologically corrupted and therefore of little value for reconstructing the original Hebrew text. Wilhelm Gesenius’ influential assessment in the early 19th century typified this view. He argued that the SP was secondary and shaped by sectarian interests. While the original concept of Yahweh may have been henotheistic (devoted to a single deity while accepting the possible existence of others like cone-hatted thunder gods (fig.1), fish (fig.2), huge dogshit bins (fig.3), fat ladies with telltale holes (fig.4) and golden bulls (fig.5), rather than monotheistic, the Southpaw Jews (known as prophets) insisted that the Israelites too must worship Him alone (fig.6). A reason why the ancient Israelites worshipped Baal was because they thought Yahweh and Baal were one and the same.
ellauri499.html on line 78: This historical reconstruction proposes that YHWH—a deity firmly rooted in the central Israelite hill country during the Iron Age—only formally became Israel’s god during the ninth century BCE, when Samaria’s Omride kings deliberately modeled the local deity YHWH on the more popular Levantine warrior storm-god Baal(-šamêm). Furthermore, I argue that YHWH only officially became Judah’s patron god and the primary deity of the Jerusalem temple under the direct influence of Omride Israel’s YHWistic political-religious reforms. Ultimately, I conclude that Baal worship was traditional in ancient Israelite and Judahite religion down to the end of the monarchic period, at which point small circles of Judahite scribes began to advocate "historically innovative" monopoöistic political-religious ideologies pitting the Israelite deity YHWH against the allegedly “foreign” god Baal.
ellauri499.html on line 80: This historical reconstruction proposes that YHWH—a local minor deity firmly rooted in the central Israelite hill country during the Iron Age—only formally became Israel’s god during the ninth century BCE, when Samaria’s Omride kings deliberately modeled the local deity YHWH on the more popular Levantine warrior storm-god Baal(-šamêm).
ellauri499.html on line 96: Adopting this perspective, I conclude that: (1) Baal worship was traditional to ancient Israelite and Judahite religion down to the end of the monarchic period; (2) YHWH’s cult cannot be said to have originated historically in Bronze Age Arabia—as the reigning “Midianite-Kenite Hypothesis” maintains—but is rooted in the central Israelite hill country in the Iron Age (cf. the “Berlin Hy- pothesis”); (3) YHWH cannot clearly be said to have originated as a storm god, as many scholars maintain, but especially appears to have taken on storm-god features under Baal’s infuence in the Iron II period; (4) YHWH became Israel’s representative god under the patronage of Samaria’s ninth-century Omride kings, who seem to have modeled YHWH on the more popular Levantine deity Baal(-šamêm); (5) YHWH’s associations with the deep south are to be connected to political and economic expansion into the Egyptian Sinai during the ninth and eighth centuries; (6) YHWH officially became Judah’s patron god and the primary deity of the Jerusalem temple under the direct infuence of Omride Israel’s YHWistic political-religious reforms; (7) Jerusalemite YHWism further developed distinctive YHWistic traditions that reflect and respond to Judah’s specifc social-political economy and political-religious history; and (8) the Hebrew Bible’s Baal polemics largely derive from limited Judahite scribal circles in the late monarchic and post-monarchic periods that advocated newly invented insidious political-religious ideologies.
ellauri499.html on line 104: Whatever one’s views on the Hebrew Bible’s ability to preserve early Israelite and Judahite lore, the general down-dating of biblical texts to later periods offers a profound challenge to the scholar interested in using the Hebrew Bible for historical purposes. The Hebrew Bible’s problematic relationship to history appears especially acute for earlier periods, since there may be no biblical writing that dates before the ninth century, when extended literary writing in local Northwest Semitic languages evidently makes its frst appearance in the epigraphic record of the southern Levant. Therefore eeach biblical text must be critically examined on a case-by-case basis to determine its potential utility for historical reconstruction.
ellauri499.html on line 118: Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa produced a late eleventh- or early tenth-century incised jar inscription that includes the personal name ʾšbʿl, probably meaning “man of Baal,” a name that also appears in 1 Chr 8:33, 9:39 as the name of King Saul’s heir, the biblical name Jerubbaal (later cleverly reshaped by scribes to "man of shame").
ellauri499.html on line 126: The “Berlin Hypothesis” posits that YHWH did not originate in the deep south but in the central Israelite highlands. Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa produced a late eleventh- or early tenth-century incised jar inscription that includes the personal name ʾšbʿl, probably meaning “man of Baal,” a name that also appears in 1 Chr 8:33, 9:39 as the name of King Saul’s heir, the biblical name Jerubbaal (later cleverly reshaped by scribes to "man of shame").
ellauri499.html on line 143: In short, the Hebrew Bible’s late, tendentious portrait of the Omrides as ardent Baal worshipers cannot be used to reconstruct ninth-century Israelite religion. Rather, I argue that the evidence points toward the Omride royal court in Samaria as the engine of Israel’s political-religious transformation during the Iron Age IIB, including YHWH’s identifcation as the “god of Israel”, via his translation as a storm god modeled on Baal(-šamêm).
ellauri499.html on line 147: Despite the Hebrew Bible’s polemics against Baal—indeed, because of the evidence that such polemics supply—Baal’s worship, whether as a separate god and/or in convergence with YHWH, also appears to have been unproblematic in Judah prior to the second half of the eighth century, both in royal and non-royal circles.
ellauri499.html on line 157: Yet, onomastics and the biblical materials clearly show that by the mid- to late eighth century YHWH had become Judah’s kingdom god, inseparably linked to David’s royal house in Jerusalem.
ellauri499.html on line 163: Like northern Israel—indeed, perhaps because of Israelite infuence—Judahites initially may have conceived of YHWH on the model of Baal(-šamêm), with uniquely Judahite YHWistic traditions only developing in connection with Judah/Jerusalem’s growth in the eighth century and its political and commercial orientation south towards Egypt rather than Lebanon and Syria.
ellauri499.html on line 175: Opposition to YHWH’s worship on the model of Baal evidently frst emerged in limited Judahite circles during the mid- to late eighth century, right around the time that the Neo-Assyrian empire took control of the southern Levant (see Hosea 2). In the context of this shifting geopolitical landscape Israel attempted to strongarm Judah, an Assyrian vassal, into joining its anti-Assyrian coalition with Syria-Damascus.
ellauri499.html on line 177: Opposition to Baal veneration in Judah may have arisen in small pockets of upper-class Judahite society as a political-religious effort to differentiate the politics of Judahite worship of YHWH from that of the northern Israelite YHWH cult, with its links to Lebanon and Syria. In the early to mid-eighth century, Jeroboam II appears to have placed YHWistic calf icons evoking the exodus in royal sanctuaries at Bethel and Dan(?) in an effort to further concentrate monarchic power in Samaria, which already had a calf icon emblemizing YHWH.
ellauri499.html on line 281: He was also called upon during battle, showing that he was thought to intervene actively in the world of man, unlike the more aloof El. The Lebanese city of Baalbeck was named after Baal. Alternatively, Ba' al is a divine co-regent with El, where El was the executive while Ba' al was the sustainer of the cosmos. The Baʿal of Ugarit was the epithet of Hadad, but as time passed, the epithet became the god's name while Hadad became the epithet. Baʿal was usually said to be the son of Dagon, the funny fish god, but appears as one of the sons of El in Ugaritic sources. Both Baʿal and El were associated with the bull in Ugaritic texts, as they symbolized both strength and fertility. He held special enmity against snakes, both on their own and as representatives of Yammu (lit. "Sea"), the Canaanite sea god and river god. He fought the Tannin (Tunnanu), the "Twisted Serpent" (Bṯn ʿqltn), "Lotan the Fugitive Serpent" (Ltn Bṯn Brḥ, the biblical Leviathan)] and the "Mighty One with Seven Heads" (Šlyṭ D.šbʿt Rašm). Baʿal's conflict with Yammu is now generally regarded as the prototype of the vision recorded in the 7th chapter of the biblical Book of Daniel. As vanquisher of the sea, the Canaanites and Phoenicians regarded Baʿal as the patron of sailors and sea-going merchants. As vanquisher of Mot, the Canaanite death god, he was known as Baʿal Rāpiʾuma (Bʿl Rpu) and regarded as the leader of the Rephaim (Rpum), the ancestral spirits, particularly those of ruling dynasties. From Canaan, worship of Baʿal spread to Egypt by the Middle Kingdom and throughout the Mediterranean following the waves of Phoenician colonization in the early 1st millennium BC. He was described with diverse epithets, and before Ugarit was rediscovered, these were supposed to refer to distinct local gods. However, as explained by Day, the texts at Ugarit revealed that they were considered "local manifestations of this particular deity, analogous to the local manifestations of the Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Church". In those inscriptions, he is frequently described as "Victorious Baʿal" (Aliyn or Ảlỉyn Baʿal), "Mightiest one" (Aliy or ʾAly] or "Mightiest of the Heroes" (Aliy Qrdm), "The Powerful One" (Dmrn), and in his role as patron of the city "Baʿal of Ugarit. As Baʿal Zaphod, he was particularly associated with his palace atop Jebel Aqra (the ancient Mount Ṣapānu and classical Mons Casius). He is also mentioned as "Winged Baʿal" (Bʿl Knp) and "Baʿal of the Arrows" (Bʿl Ḥẓ). Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions describe "Baʿal of the Mace" (Bʿl Krntryš), "Baʿal of the Lebanon" (Bʿl Lbnn), "Baʿal of Sidon" (Bʿl Ṣdn), Bʿl Ṣmd, "Baʿal of the Heavens" (Baʿal Shamem or Shamayin), Baʿal ʾAddir (Bʿl ʾdr), Baʿal Hammon (Baʿal Ḥamon), Bʿl Mgnmt. Baʿal Hammon was worshipped in the Tyrian colony of Carthage as their supreme god. It is believed that this position developed in the 5th century BC following the severing of its ties to Tyre following the 480 BC Battle of Himera. Like Hadad, Baʿal Hammon was a fertility god. Inscriptions about Punic deities tend to be rather uninformative, though, and he has been variously identified as a moon god[citation needed] and as Dagan the grain god[citation sorely missed].
ellauri499.html on line 287: Baʿal (בַּעַל) appears about 90 times in the Hebrew Bible in reference to various gods. The priests of the Canaanite Baʿal are mentioned numerous times, most prominently in the First Book of Kings. Many scholars believe that this describes Jezebel's attempt to introduce the worship of the Baʿal of Tyre, Melqart to Israel's capital Samaria in the 9th century BC. Against this, Day argues that Jezebel's Baʿal was more probably Baʿal Shamem, the Lord of the Heavens, a title most often applied to Hadad, who is also often titled just Baʻal, as was JHWH too.
ellauri499.html on line 289: 1 Kings 18 records an anecdote of a contest between the prophet Elijah and Jezebel's priests. Both sides offered a sacrifice to their respective gods: Baʻal failed to light his followers' sacrifice while Yahweh's heavenly fire burnt Elijah's altar to ashes, even after it had been soaked with water. The observers then followed Elijah's instructions to slay the priests of Baʿal, after which it began to rain, showing Yahweh's mastery over the weather. Other references to the priests of Baʿal describe their burning of incense in prayer and their offering of sacrifice while adorned in special vestments. The title baʿal was initially a synonym of the Hebrew adon ("Lord") and adonai ("My Lords") still used as aliases of the Lord of Israel Yahweh. According to some scholars, the early Hebrews did use the names Baʿal ("Lord") and Baʿali ("My Lord") in reference to the Lord of Israel, just as Baʿal farther north designated the Lord of Ugarit or Lebanon. This occurred both directly and as the divine element of some Hebrew theophoric names. However, according to others it is not certain that the name Baal was definitely applied to Yahweh in early Israelite history. The component Baal in proper names is mostly applied to worshippers of Baal, or descendants of the worshippers of Baal. Names including the element Baʿal presumably in reference to Yahweh include the judge Gideon (also known as Jerubaʿal, lit. "The Lord Strives"), Saul's son Eshbaʿal ("The Lord is Great"), and David's son Beeliada ("The Lord Knows"). The name Bealiah ("The Lord is Jah"; "Yahweh is Baʿal" combined the two. However John Day states that as far as the names Eshbaʻal, Meribaʻal, and Beeliada (that is, Baʻaliada), are concerned it is not certain whether they simply allude to the Canaanite god Baʻal, or are intended to equate Yahweh with Baʻal, or have no connection to Baʻal]. It was the program of Jezebel, in the 9th century BC, to introduce into Israel's capital city of Samaria her Phoenician worship of Baal as opposed to the worship of Yahweh that made her name anathema to the chauvinists.
ellauri499.html on line 299: Yahweh is frequently identified in the Hebrew scriptures with El Elyon. This was after a conflation with El in a process of religious syncretism. ’El (Hebrew: אל) became a generic term meaning "god", as opposed to the name of a worshipped deity, and epithets such as El Shaddai came to be applied to Yahweh alone, while Baal's nature as a storm and weather god became assimilated into Yahweh's own identification with the storm. In the next stage the Yahwistic religion separated itself from its Canaanite heritage, first by rejecting Baal-worship in the 9th century, then through the 8th to 6th centuries with prophetic condemnation of Baal, sun-worship, and worship on unregistered "high places", practices pertaining to thedead, and other unholy matters.
ellauri499.html on line 390: By the way, much later, a 17th-century mystical text known as The Lesser Key of Solomon described Baal as the king of a horde of demons. Although this doesn’t fit with the early Hebrew conception of Baal, it probably resulted from an innovative shift in Christian thinking. Instead of merely noting the presence of other gods, the Church came to think of them as demons working for Satan. Again, other divine beings did exist, but if they weren’t Yahweh, they were considered evil. The same treatment was given to all other gods such as Perkunas. YHWH has no horns nor associated bollocks, so if you sport them you're on the other side.
ellauri499.html on line 447: More bloodthirsty Christian writers from Tertullian to Luther have held to traditional notions of Hell. Eternal torment has been "the semiofficial position of the church since approximately the sixth century.
ellauri501.html on line 253: Historians and literary scholars frequently analyze their relationship to understand 17th-century concepts of intense male friendship, which often involved highly romanticized, platonic language that differs from modern categories of sexual identity. If you are exploring Milton's early life, would you like to examine specific quotes from their letters, look into his other university writings, or discuss how Diodati's death influenced Paradise Lost?
ellauri501.html on line 564: Mario wants to show how blind fanaticism on both sides—religious zealots and dogmatic state authorities—destroys human life. Based on the real 19th-century War of Canudos in Brazil, it explores the danger of absolute ideas. Main Themes:
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