ellauri096.html on line 124: Most of these philosophical advances are reactions to the use of probability by scientists. In the twentieth century, editors of science journals began to demand that the author’s hypothesis should be accepted only when it was sufficiently probable – as measured by statistical tests. The threshold for acceptance was acknowledged to be somewhat arbitrary. And it was also conceded that the acceptance rule might vary with one’s purposes. For instance, we demand a higher probability when the cost of accepting a false hypothesis is high.
ellauri096.html on line 674: This meant that, because the parameters of the models were not structural, i.e. not indifferent to policy, they would necessarily change whenever policy was changed. The so-called Lucas critique followed similar criticism undertaken earlier by Ragnar Frisch, in his critique of Jan Tinbergen's 1939 book Statistical Testing of Business-Cycle Theories, where Frisch accused Tinbergen of not having discovered autonomous relations, but "coflux" relations,[10] and by Jacob Marschak, in his 1953 contribution to the Cowles Commission Monograph, where he submitted that
ellauri100.html on line 493: We are interested in measuring happiness on this site because many studies have found that religious people are happier than non-believers, and some have found that politcally conservative people are slightly happier than are political liberals, even after controlling statistically for religiosity. A recent Gallup survey found that religiosity was associated with better mental health for Republicans, but it didn’t make a difference for Democrats. We want to investigate these complex relationships among happiness, morality, religion, and ideology.
ellauri101.html on line 639: Statistical projections from the United Nations in 2019 suggest that, by 2020, the people of Niger would have a median age of 15.2, Mali 16.3, Chad 16.6, Somalia, Uganda, and Angola all 16.7, the Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.0, Burundi 17.3, Mozambique and Zambia both 17.6. (This means that more than half of their populations were born in the first two decades of the twenty-first century.) Benin, Burundi, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia, Yemen, and Timor-Leste had a median age of 17 in 2017.
ellauri180.html on line 171: There has been little written from a statistical standpoint to confirm or deny the popular medical belief that the circumcised are less prone to contract venereal disease. This paper will present a statistical study of the incidence of circumcision in a group free from venereal disease as compared with that of groups with various forms of venereal disease, to determine the influence of circumcision on venereal disease.
ellauri285.html on line 751: Alan David Sokal (/ˈsoʊkəl/; born January 24, 1955) is an American professor of mathematics at University College London and professor emeritus of physics at New York University. He works in statistical mechanics and combinatorics. He is a critic of postmodernism, and caused the Sokal affair in 1996 when his deliberately nonsensical paper was published by Duke University Press´s Social Text. He also co-authored a paper criticizing the critical positivity ratio concept in positive psychology.
ellauri351.html on line 303: Taleb väittää, että tilastotieteilijät voivat olla pseudotieteilijöitä harvinaisten tapahtumien ja räjähdysten riskeissä ja peittää epäpätevyytensä monimutkaisilla yhtälöillä. Tämä asenne on herättänyt arvostelua: American Statistical Association omisti The American Statistician -lehden elokuussa 2007 ilmestyneen numeron The Black Swanille. Lehti tarjosi sekoituksen ylistystä ja kritiikkiä Talebin pääkohdista, keskittyen Talebin kirjoitustyyliin ja hänen esitykseensä tilastokirjallisuudesta. Clemsonin yliopiston matematiikan professori Robert Lund kirjoittaa, että Black Swan -kirjassa Taleb on "ajoittain holtiton ja joutuu suurenmoisille liioittelemille; ammatillinen tilastotieteilijä pitää kirjaa kaikkialla naiivina". Lund kuitenkin myöntää, että "on monia kohtia, joissa olen samaa mieltä Talebin kanssa", ja kirjoittaa, että "kirja on pakollinen" kaikille "rahoituksesta ja/tai filosofisista todennäköisyyksistä etänä kiinnostuneille".
xxx/ellauri085.html on line 563: But they had no effect on economic growth or employment. Though those quantities fluctuated slightly after the major tax cuts that were studied, the effect was statistically indistinguishable from zero. The “rocket fuel” so often promised by supporters of these tax cuts? It fizzles out time and time again.
xxx/ellauri104.html on line 73: Amerikkalaiset luokittelevat omia hullujaan Diagnostic (and statistical) Manual of Mental Disorders -käsikirjalla.
xxx/ellauri104.html on line 765: Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders involving chronic distress, but neither delusions nor hallucinations. The term is no longer used by the professional psychiatric community in the United States, having been eliminated from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980 with the publication of DSM III. However, it is still used in the ICD-10 Chapter V F40–48.
xxx/ellauri250.html on line 95: Almost all relevant data are produced by the Office for National Statistics and other national statistical agencies.
xxx/ellauri265.html on line 70: An estimated 1.1 million people arrived in Germany from Ukraine in 2022, exceeding the number of arrivals from the Middle East around 2015, Germany’s federal statistical office said on Thursday.
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