ellauri067.html on line 593: The letter is a direct adoption of Old Italic (Etruscan or Latin) s (𐌔), ultimately from Greek sigma (Σ). It is present in the earliest inscriptions of the 2nd to 3rd century (Vimose, Kovel).
ellauri160.html on line 618: Scholars believe the reason Jews in Babylon undertook to draw demons between the 5th and the 7th centuries has to do with a series of relaxations of the strictures, which rabbis gave the Jews as a way of dealing with the challenged posed by the increasing strength of Christianity. Fearing that Jews might prefer the new religion, the rabbis agreed to allow magic that included visual images. The demons Vilozny researched were drawn on “incantation bowls” – simple pottery vessels the insides of which were covered with inscriptions and drawings.
ellauri160.html on line 622: Lilith is often depicted naked and with longer hair and frequently in a seductive dance pose like Ardit-Lili. (Eli se on toi joka seisoo jalat harallaan pillu ärvöllään.) In the inscriptions surrounding the images she is described as a female demon who strangles babies at their hour of birth. Mabhalta, her usual companion, is described on one of the bowls as “the great destroyer of fire.”
ellauri194.html on line 274: In the Borgia map, a copper-engraved world map probably produced in Southern Germany c. 1430, the most eastern part contains two fortified regions depicting Gog and Magog, with the following Latin inscriptions:
ellauri198.html on line 635: Most scholars agree that the ritual performed at the tophet was child sacrifice, and they connect it to similar episodes throughout the Bible and recorded in Phoenicia (whose inhabitants were referred to as Canaanites in the Bible) and Carthage by Hellenistic sources. There is disagreement about whether the sacrifices were offered to a god named "Moloch". Based on Phoenician and Carthaginian inscriptions, a growing number of scholars believe that the word moloch refers to the type of sacrifice rather than a deity. There is currently a dispute as to whether these sacrifices were dedicated to Yahweh rather than a foreign deity.
ellauri333.html on line 81: These inscriptions proclaim Ashoka's adherence to the Buddhist philosophy. The inscriptions show his efforts to develop the Buddhist dhamma throughout his kingdom. Although Buddhism as well as Gautama Buddha are mentioned, the edicts focus on social and moral precepts rather than specific religious practices or the philosophical dimension of Buddhism. These were located in public places and were meant for people to read.
ellauri333.html on line 83: The inscriptions found in the central and eastern part of India were written in Magadhi Prakrit using the Brahmi script, while Prakrit using the Kharoshthi script, Greek and Aramaic were used in the northwest.
ellauri333.html on line 91: From a foot-note 2 we are glad to learn that huge erections have now been put up over this and the other Ashoka inscriptions by the Mysore Government for their protection, and the headman of the village has the keys as custodian. Panini mielestä Asokan titteli Devanampriya 'jumalten suosikki' oli pilkkanimi. Panini himself as a hindoo or other old banana does not mention Devanampriya, but states that the termination of the genitive case is preserved at the end of the first member of compounds if the meaning is abusive.
ellauri498.html on line 497: Claims of direct connections to biblical figurines like the high priest Hilkiah (active ca. 640–609 BCE) remain unsubstantiated, as no inscriptions, temple-related artifacts, freshly written scrolls, or elite administrative remains have surfaced to support such links. Mostly worthless arab junk has been found.
ellauri499.html on line 132: Later Assyrian inscriptions remember Omri, not David or Solomon, as the definitive political leader from Israel’s past.
ellauri499.html on line 277: A minority propose that JHWH was a native Canaanite deity whose cult was identified with or absorbed aspects of Hadad's. Regardless of their original relationship, by the 1st millennium BC, they were distinct: Hadad was worshiped by the Aramaeans and Baʿal by the Phoenicians and other Canaanites. Baʿal is well-attested in surviving inscriptions and was popular in theophoric names throughout the Levant but he is usually mentioned along with other gods, "his own field of action being seldom defined". He was like the CEO.
ellauri499.html on line 281: He was also called upon during battle, showing that he was thought to intervene actively in the world of man, unlike the more aloof El. The Lebanese city of Baalbeck was named after Baal. Alternatively, Ba' al is a divine co-regent with El, where El was the executive while Ba' al was the sustainer of the cosmos. The Baʿal of Ugarit was the epithet of Hadad, but as time passed, the epithet became the god's name while Hadad became the epithet. Baʿal was usually said to be the son of Dagon, the funny fish god, but appears as one of the sons of El in Ugaritic sources. Both Baʿal and El were associated with the bull in Ugaritic texts, as they symbolized both strength and fertility. He held special enmity against snakes, both on their own and as representatives of Yammu (lit. "Sea"), the Canaanite sea god and river god. He fought the Tannin (Tunnanu), the "Twisted Serpent" (Bṯn ʿqltn), "Lotan the Fugitive Serpent" (Ltn Bṯn Brḥ, the biblical Leviathan)] and the "Mighty One with Seven Heads" (Šlyṭ D.šbʿt Rašm). Baʿal's conflict with Yammu is now generally regarded as the prototype of the vision recorded in the 7th chapter of the biblical Book of Daniel. As vanquisher of the sea, the Canaanites and Phoenicians regarded Baʿal as the patron of sailors and sea-going merchants. As vanquisher of Mot, the Canaanite death god, he was known as Baʿal Rāpiʾuma (Bʿl Rpu) and regarded as the leader of the Rephaim (Rpum), the ancestral spirits, particularly those of ruling dynasties. From Canaan, worship of Baʿal spread to Egypt by the Middle Kingdom and throughout the Mediterranean following the waves of Phoenician colonization in the early 1st millennium BC. He was described with diverse epithets, and before Ugarit was rediscovered, these were supposed to refer to distinct local gods. However, as explained by Day, the texts at Ugarit revealed that they were considered "local manifestations of this particular deity, analogous to the local manifestations of the Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Church". In those inscriptions, he is frequently described as "Victorious Baʿal" (Aliyn or Ảlỉyn Baʿal), "Mightiest one" (Aliy or ʾAly] or "Mightiest of the Heroes" (Aliy Qrdm), "The Powerful One" (Dmrn), and in his role as patron of the city "Baʿal of Ugarit. As Baʿal Zaphod, he was particularly associated with his palace atop Jebel Aqra (the ancient Mount Ṣapānu and classical Mons Casius). He is also mentioned as "Winged Baʿal" (Bʿl Knp) and "Baʿal of the Arrows" (Bʿl Ḥẓ). Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions describe "Baʿal of the Mace" (Bʿl Krntryš), "Baʿal of the Lebanon" (Bʿl Lbnn), "Baʿal of Sidon" (Bʿl Ṣdn), Bʿl Ṣmd, "Baʿal of the Heavens" (Baʿal Shamem or Shamayin), Baʿal ʾAddir (Bʿl ʾdr), Baʿal Hammon (Baʿal Ḥamon), Bʿl Mgnmt. Baʿal Hammon was worshipped in the Tyrian colony of Carthage as their supreme god. It is believed that this position developed in the 5th century BC following the severing of its ties to Tyre following the 480 BC Battle of Himera. Like Hadad, Baʿal Hammon was a fertility god. Inscriptions about Punic deities tend to be rather uninformative, though, and he has been variously identified as a moon god[citation needed] and as Dagan the grain god[citation sorely missed].
ellauri499.html on line 343: The Northern Kingdom was wealthier, more cosmopolitan, and deeply connected to Phoenician trade routes. This made it a major hub for Baal and Asherah worship, famously promoted by rulers like King Ahab and Queen Jezebel. However, Yahweh was still worshipped there; many northern kings had Yahwistic names (like Jehu or Joram), but they practiced syncretism (blending Yahweh worship with Baal worship). The Southern Kingdom was more isolated and rugged, which helped the Yahweh-alone movement gain stronger political traction. Yet, archaeological evidence—like the Kuntillet Ajrud inscriptions—shows that many everyday southerners also worshipped Asherah alongside Yahweh. Pure monotheism was not yet the norm for the average citizen.
xxx/ellauri173.html on line 168: Au IIIe siècle avant J-C, l’ingénieur grec Philon de Byzance classe les jardins suspendus de Babylone, au sud de l’actuel Irak, parmi les sept merveilles du monde antique. Le premier à les évoquer est le prêtre babylonien Bérose (IVe siècle avant J-C). Il attribue leur construction à Nabuchodonosor II, qui les aurait créés pour son épouse persane Amytis, laquelle se languissait de la verdure de son pays natal. Le texte de Bérose est perdu, mais il subsiste sous forme de fragments chez des historiens et géographes du Ier siècle avant J-C, tels Flavius Josèphe, Diodore de Sicile et Strabon ; on le retrouve également chez Eusèbe de Césarée (265-339 de l’ère chrétienne). Toutefois, à l’exception de Bérose, aucun texte babylonien ne mentionne les jardins suspendus, ou du moins pas un seul n’a été retrouvé. Aucune des inscriptions relatant les grands chantiers de Nabuchodonosor II ne contient une référence à un jardin surélevé. Dans ses Histoires, le géographe et historien grec Hérodote (480-425 avant notre ère), qui a visité Babylone un siècle seulement après la mort de Nabuchodonosor, ne les évoque pas non plus lorsqu’il décrit la ville. Les murailles, la tour de Babel ou Ziggurat d’Etemenanki, les palais royaux et autres constructions de la ville antique ont été identifiés par les fouilles archéologiques ou sont attestés dans les textes cunéiformes. Mais cela n’a pas été le cas pour les jardins.
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