ellauri066.html on line 551: 2.1 Spanish colonization of the Americas
ellauri066.html on line 552: 2.2 British colonization of the Americas
ellauri066.html on line 561: 2.6 United States colonization of indigenous territories
ellauri066.html on line 569: 3.1 French colonization of Africa
ellauri090.html on line 167: In Brazil, the word pardo has had a general meaning, since the beginning of the colonization. In the famous letter by Pêro Vaz de Caminha, for example, in which Brazil was first described by the Portuguese, the Amerindians were called "pardo": "Pardo, naked, without clothing". The word has ever since been used to cover African/European mixes, South Asian/European mixes, Amerindian/European/South Asian/African mixes and Amerindians themselves.
ellauri096.html on line 704: Frantz Omar Fanon (/ˈfænən/,[1] US: /fæˈnɒ̃/; French: [fʁɑ̃ts fanɔ̃]; 20 July 1925 – 6 December 1961), also known as Ibrahim Frantz Fanon, was a French West Indian psychiatrist and political philosopher from the French colony of Martinique (today a French department). His works have become influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory and Marxism. As well as being an intellectual, Fanon was a political radical, Pan-Africanist, and Marxist humanist concerned with the psychopathology of colonization and the human, social, and cultural consequences of decolonization.
ellauri204.html on line 633: Douze points to Jameson for showing middle finger to postmodernism. Sehän on selvää sumutusta, kapitalismin siirtomaatavarakaupan savuverhoa. In his view, postmodernity's merging of all discourse into an undifferentiated whole was the result of the colonization of the cultural sphere, which had retained at least partial autonomy during the prior modernist era, by a newly organized corporate capitalism. Nimenomaan niin!
ellauri429.html on line 1184: For Walter Mignolo, neoliberalism is a form of modern colonialism because it is based on a possessive capitalistic logic. Neoliberalism is used to place Christian theology at the center by using the resources gained through colonization and imperialism to create an inherently unequal market. This means that the global free market has been created to keep subjecting previous territories economically and further liberal values without physically invading these territories.
ellauri499.html on line 262: Known by epithets like "rider of the clouds" and "Victorious Baal", he was associated with rain, lightning, wind, fertility, and kingship, and was often depicted in opposition to sea and death deities like Yammu and Mot. Worship of Baal spread throughout the Levant, Egypt, and the Mediterranean via Phoenician colonization, with regional forms such as Baal Hammon in Carthage. The god was also known as "the mighty one", and "the one without equal" ("there is none above him"). Sounds familiar.
ellauri499.html on line 281: He was also called upon during battle, showing that he was thought to intervene actively in the world of man, unlike the more aloof El. The Lebanese city of Baalbeck was named after Baal. Alternatively, Ba' al is a divine co-regent with El, where El was the executive while Ba' al was the sustainer of the cosmos. The Baʿal of Ugarit was the epithet of Hadad, but as time passed, the epithet became the god's name while Hadad became the epithet. Baʿal was usually said to be the son of Dagon, the funny fish god, but appears as one of the sons of El in Ugaritic sources. Both Baʿal and El were associated with the bull in Ugaritic texts, as they symbolized both strength and fertility. He held special enmity against snakes, both on their own and as representatives of Yammu (lit. "Sea"), the Canaanite sea god and river god. He fought the Tannin (Tunnanu), the "Twisted Serpent" (Bṯn ʿqltn), "Lotan the Fugitive Serpent" (Ltn Bṯn Brḥ, the biblical Leviathan)] and the "Mighty One with Seven Heads" (Šlyṭ D.šbʿt Rašm). Baʿal's conflict with Yammu is now generally regarded as the prototype of the vision recorded in the 7th chapter of the biblical Book of Daniel. As vanquisher of the sea, the Canaanites and Phoenicians regarded Baʿal as the patron of sailors and sea-going merchants. As vanquisher of Mot, the Canaanite death god, he was known as Baʿal Rāpiʾuma (Bʿl Rpu) and regarded as the leader of the Rephaim (Rpum), the ancestral spirits, particularly those of ruling dynasties. From Canaan, worship of Baʿal spread to Egypt by the Middle Kingdom and throughout the Mediterranean following the waves of Phoenician colonization in the early 1st millennium BC. He was described with diverse epithets, and before Ugarit was rediscovered, these were supposed to refer to distinct local gods. However, as explained by Day, the texts at Ugarit revealed that they were considered "local manifestations of this particular deity, analogous to the local manifestations of the Virgin Mary in the Roman Catholic Church". In those inscriptions, he is frequently described as "Victorious Baʿal" (Aliyn or Ảlỉyn Baʿal), "Mightiest one" (Aliy or ʾAly] or "Mightiest of the Heroes" (Aliy Qrdm), "The Powerful One" (Dmrn), and in his role as patron of the city "Baʿal of Ugarit. As Baʿal Zaphod, he was particularly associated with his palace atop Jebel Aqra (the ancient Mount Ṣapānu and classical Mons Casius). He is also mentioned as "Winged Baʿal" (Bʿl Knp) and "Baʿal of the Arrows" (Bʿl Ḥẓ). Phoenician and Aramaic inscriptions describe "Baʿal of the Mace" (Bʿl Krntryš), "Baʿal of the Lebanon" (Bʿl Lbnn), "Baʿal of Sidon" (Bʿl Ṣdn), Bʿl Ṣmd, "Baʿal of the Heavens" (Baʿal Shamem or Shamayin), Baʿal ʾAddir (Bʿl ʾdr), Baʿal Hammon (Baʿal Ḥamon), Bʿl Mgnmt. Baʿal Hammon was worshipped in the Tyrian colony of Carthage as their supreme god. It is believed that this position developed in the 5th century BC following the severing of its ties to Tyre following the 480 BC Battle of Himera. Like Hadad, Baʿal Hammon was a fertility god. Inscriptions about Punic deities tend to be rather uninformative, though, and he has been variously identified as a moon god[citation needed] and as Dagan the grain god[citation sorely missed].
xxx/ellauri057.html on line 847: A hundred and one years ago, in 1917, Knut Hamsun published what was probably his most influential and at the same time most controversial novel: Markens grøde (translated into English as Growth of the Soil). This story about the colonization of new farmland in northern Norway (Hammarby, luulajansaamexi Hambra, mistä Knupo oli peräsin) by the pioneer Isak and his wife Inger attained immense popularity in Hamsun’s home country and abroad, and earned its author the Nobel Prize in literature. In later years, it has often been criticized for, among other things, postulated parallels to Nazi »blood and soil« ideology, for its racist and colonialist portrayal of the Sami, and for its antagonism towards female self-determination.
xxx/ellauri417.html on line 224: revival of the dead, space and ocean colonization. He was
xxx/ellauri491.html on line 292: No — it wasn't "better beliefs." The near-destruction of Indigenous peoples like many Tupi groups in Brazil was driven by violence, colonization, disease, economic motives, and coercive power, not just theological superiority. They were completely independent things! European colonizers used military force, massacres, and punitive expeditions. Eurasian epidemic diseases (smallpox, measles, kuppa, tippuri, neekerisankkeri) devastated indigenous populations with no immunity. Enslavement, land seizure, and exploitation for labor and resources incentivized violent suppression. Missionary activity supported forced conversion and suppression of indigenous practices; missionary positions varied. Technology, enforced religion, organized state backing, and imperial institutions enabled sustained conquest and cultural destruction. So the cause was colonial domination and its attendant forces, not the intrinsic quality of either belief system.
xxx/ellauri491.html on line 320: Many people and institutions agree — acknowledgments and apologies have been issued in various contexts for harms caused by colonization and missionary activity. Whether a “big desculpa” (apology) is owed depends on the actor as follows.
xxx/ellauri492.html on line 255: "Paraíba River" refers to three distinct rivers in Brazil. The most prominent is the Paraíba do Sul, a major 1,137-kilometer waterway in the heavily populated southeast that flows through São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, supplying water and serving as an important industrial corridor. Paraíba do Norte River: Located in the northeastern state of Paraíba. It is known for its wide estuary near the state capital, João Pessoa. Paraiba Meio on joku jokipahanen siinä välissä. All three rivers share the name Paraíba because they were named using the Tupi language, an indigenous language family widely spoken by the native tribes of Brazil before European colonization. It means "Bad or unusable river": Historically, this meant the river was unnavigable or difficult to travel due to rough waters, waterfalls, or shallow points. Or "River that turns into the sea": This refers to the massive, wide estuaries where the freshwater meets the ocean, which is especially noticeable at the mouth of the Paraíba do Norte. Or "Arm of the river": A reference to how the river basin branches off. Take your pick.
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