ellauri190.html on line 52: The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: sg. қазақ, qazaq, [qɑˈzɑq] (audio speaker iconlisten), pl. қазақтар, qazaqtar, [qɑzɑqˈtɑr] (audio speaker iconlisten); the English name is transliterated from Russian; Russian: казахи) are a Turkic ethnic group who mainly inhabit the Ural Mountains and northern parts of Central and East Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also parts of Russia, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and China) in Eurasia. Kazakh identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465, when several tribes under the rule of the sultans Janibek and Kerei departed from the Khanate of Abu'l-Khayr Khan in hopes of forming a powerful khanate of their own. Other notable Kazakh khans include Ablai Khan and Abul Khair Khan.
ellauri190.html on line 54: The Kazakhs are descendants of ancient Turkic tribes – Kipchaks and medieval Mongolic or Turco-Mongol tribes – Dughlats, Jalairs, Keraits.
ellauri190.html on line 55: The Kazakhs likely began using that name during the 15th century. There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Some speculate that it comes from the Turkic verb qaz ("wanderer, vagabond, warrior, free, independent") or that it derives from the Proto-Turkic word *khasaq (a wheeled cart used by the Kazakhs to transport their yurts and belongings).
ellauri190.html on line 74: Max Vasmer's etymological dictionary traces the name to the Old East Slavic word козакъ, kozak, a loanword from Cuman, in which cosac meant "free man" but also "adventurer". The ethnonym Kazakh is from the same Turkic root.
ellauri190.html on line 76: It is unclear when people other than the Brodnici and Berladnici (which had a Romanian origin with large slavic influences) began to settle in the lower reaches of major rivers such as the Don and the Dnieper after the demise of the Khazar state. Their arrival is unlikely before the 13th century, when the Mongols broke the power of the Cumans, who had assimilated the previous population on that territory. It is known that new settlers inherited a lifestyle that long pre-dated their presence, including that of the Turkic Cumans and the Circassian Kassaks.
ellauri190.html on line 101: The Cumans (or Kumans), also known as Polovtsians or Polovtsy (plural only, from the Russian exonym Половцы), were a Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation. The Cumans were fierce and formidable nomadic warriors of the Eurasian Steppe who exerted an enduring influence on the medieval Balkans. They were numerous, culturally sophisticated, and militarily powerful.
ellauri190.html on line 105: The Cuman language is attested in some medieval documents and is the best-known of the early Turkic languages.[6]: 186 The Codex Cumanicus was a linguistic manual written to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cuman people. Cuman tarkoitti blondia.
ellauri190.html on line 239: During the 9th century, “Varangians” (Vikings) began to serve as a kind of Praetorian Guard to the East Roman emperors. Tästä kertoo jännittävästi Mika Waltarin historiallinen romaani Mikael Karvajalka, joka taitaa olla meillä jossakin. To reach the city of Constantinople, they sailed from what today is called the Gulf of Finland up the Neva river to the lakes Ladoga and Ilmen and then to the Western Dvina and the Dnipro, going all the way down to the Black Sea. By the mid-9th century, they settled around and in Kyiv and founded their own dynasty of the descendants of Rurik. A grandson of Rurik, Svyatoslav (Sfendosleif) greatly expanded his realm to the east and south, while his mother Olga (Helga) traveled to Constantinople and was baptized Christian. Svyatoslav’s son, Volodymyr (Waldemar) married a daughter of the Eastern Roman emperor, was baptized, and baptized all his subjects in the year 988. (Back then, the city of Moscow, or the country now known as Russia – Россия – did not even exist, so there!) Over the next centuries, the “Rurikids” gradually lost their Scandinavian identity, marrying women of the Slavic, Hungarian, Greek, and Turkic ethnicities.
ellauri194.html on line 252: As one nomadic people followed another on the Eurasian steppes, so the identification of Gog and Magog shifted. In the 9th and 10th centuries these kingdoms were identified by some with the lands of the Khazars, a Turkic people whose leaders had converted to Judaism and whose empire dominated Central Asia–the 9th-century monk Christian of Stavelot referred to Gazari, said of the Khazars that they were "living in the lands of Gog and Magog" and noted that they were "circumcised and observing all [the laws of] Judaism". Arab traveler ibn Fadlan also reported of this belief, writing around 921 he recorded that "Some hold the opinion that Gog and Magog are the Khazars".
xxx/ellauri068.html on line 64: A committee was set up in Baku to develop the new Turkic alphabet (the All-Union Committee for the Development of the New Turkic Alphabet, the CNTA, later transformed into the Committee of the New Alphabet), headed by S. A. Agamali-oglu. At its first meeting the theses of N. F. Yakovlev,Chair of the Commission, were adopted. The Commission declared the Cyrillic (Russian civilian) script a "relic of the 18th - 19th centuries, the script of Russian feudal landlords and the bourgeoisie, the script of autocratic oppression, missionary propaganda, great-power chauvinism. <...> it still binds the population that reads in Russian with the national-bourgeois traditions of Russian pre-revolutionary culture."
xxx/ellauri068.html on line 70: The cyrillization was conducted more swiftly than romanization. It did not have thesynchrony observed during the first Soviet alphabet shifts: for some peoples it tookplace in 1937-1938, for others a little later, from one to two years. With that, a singlestate body, similar to the All-Union Committee for the Development of the NewTurkic Alphabet, dedicated only to cyrillization, was not set up. New alphabets werecreated directly "in the field." Even so, the transition from the Latin alphabet to theRussian alphabet was more smooth and easy than the first “letter revolution”(Alpatov, 1993). The successful completion of cyrillization was announced in June 1941.
xxx/ellauri068.html on line 72: Agamali-oglu S. A. (1929). Novyiy tyurkskiy alfavit (The New Turkic Alphabet) // KrasnayaNiva (Red Field), illustrated literary and political magazine. Izvestia of the USSR and the Central Executive Committee. (16), 14.
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