ellauri094.html on line 209: After the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, exiled Judeans were permitted to return to Judah. According to the biblical book of Ezra, construction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem began around 537 BCE. All these events are considered significant in Jewish history and culture, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of Judaism.
ellauri094.html on line 227: A 2017 exhibition in Jerusalem displayed over 100 cuneiform tablets detailing trade in fruits and other commodities, taxes, debts, and credits accumulated between Jews driven from, or convinced to move from Jerusalem by King Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BCE. The tablets included details on one exiled Judean family over four generations, all with Hebrew names.
ellauri110.html on line 749: Kaikkia tätä oli tohtori von Gitzen hartaalla tarkkaawaifuudella kuunnellut ja nähnyt olewan fyytä waatia juutalaifelta afian felwittämifekfi feikkaperäifen kertomukfen hänestä itfestään ja hänen elämänwaiheistaan. Kiertelemättä juutalainen oli filloin kertonut että hän Kristukfen ristiinaulitfemifen aikana oli afunut Judean pääkaupungisfa Jerufalemisfa ja samoin kun fuurin ofa juutalaifista ollut fitä mieltä, että Kristus oli kapinan nostaja ja kansan wiettelijä. Hän oli monta kertaa omin filmin nähnyt hänen ja niinkuin mutkin hänelle wihamielifet juutalaifet toiwonut, että hän hyvin anfaitukfi rangaistukfekfi tuomittaifiin kuolemaan ja kun nyt roomalainen maaherra Pontius Pilatus wihdoin oli wahwistanut Kristukfen kuolemantuomion ja kun hän itfe oli faanut kuulla, että Kristus wietäifiin ristiinnaulittawakfi oli hän heti jusfut waimonfa ja lapfienfa tykö fekä ilmoittanut heille, että jos tahtoifiwat nähdä, kuinka Kristus wiedään pääkallonpaikalle, heidän tuli heti feurata häntä. Ja koska talo, misfä hän fiihen aikaan afui, oli fen kadun warrella, joka raastuwasta johti Pääkallonpaikalle, ja fotamiesten fiis piti kuljettaa Kristusta fen talon fiwu, oli hän ottanut pienimmän lapfenfa käfivarrelleen ja kantanut fen portin ulkopuolelle, että lapfi paremmin ja felwemmin faifi nähdä kuolemaan tuomitun. Kun nyt Kristus, kantaen raskasta ristiään, oli päässyt fuutarin talon eteen, oli hän pyfähtynyt tahtoen wahän lewahtää ja fiinä aikomufesfa tahtoi wähän nojata feinää wastaan, oli Ahaswerus osakfi ymmärtämättömyydestä ja wihasta Kristutsa wastaan, ofakfi woittaakfenfa kiitosta kanfalta, karkoittanut hänet feinän tyköä näillä fanoilla: "Mene pois taloni feinän tyköä ristifi luo. joka kuuluu finulle", jonka perästä Kristus oli kääntynyt hänen puoleenfa ja fanonut: "Minä tahdon nyt feifoa täällä hetkifen lewähtämäsfä, mutta finä et täst´edes tule faamaan mitään rauhaa eli lepoa täsfä maailmasfa, vaan pakolaifena ja wainottuna pitää finun kuljeskeleman toifesta maasta toifeen, aina tuomiopäiwään faakka."
ellauri150.html on line 537: Esther bat Simonides was a Judean freedwoman and the wife of Prince Judah Ben-Hur during the 1st century AD. She played a major role in her husband's conversion to Christianity after teaching him of Jesus' message, having personally witnessed his Sermon on the Mount.
ellauri150.html on line 539: Esther "Bat" Simonides was born in Jerusalem, Judea, the daughter of the Hellenized Jewish slave Simonides. She was raised in the household of Prince Ithamar Ben-Hur, and she loved Judah Ben-Hur as a child. By 26 AD, she had grown into a woman, and, while she still loved Judah, she was betrothed to the freedman and merchant David ben Matthias from Antioch. That same year, Judah and his family were imprisoned after being wrongfully imprisoned for an alleged assassination attempt on Valerius Gratus, and Simonides was arrested and tortured on the orders of the Roman tribune Messala. Simonides was arrested when the Romans were certain that he was not hiding anything, and he and Esther lived in hiding at the Ben-Hur family's derelict and looted estate, where they were joined by Simonides' fellow former prisoner Malluch.
ellauri150.html on line 606: When we return, it's Anno Domini XXVI - A.D. 26. Messala, a Roman who grew up in Judea but spent most of his life in more traditional Roman enclaves, is accepting an important position in Jerusalem under the new governor of Judea; it's a hard job, since the Jews don't want the Romans there, but he feels up to it. He is visited by his childhood friend, and our hero, Judah Ben-Hur, a very important and influential Jew. They try to pick up the friendship where it left off, but there's one big problem: they no longer have anything in common besides their shared past. They are in denial about this for a while, and Judah agrees to try to get people to accept the Romans.
ellauri150.html on line 629: Ben-Hur saves the consul and gets him on a raft of debris. Then he has to knock out the consul to prevent the fella from committing suicide, and chains the mercenary to him. After the consul wakes, still wanting to die, he reminds him that staying alive is the motivation he gives his slaves... Quintus wanted to commit suicide because he thought he'd lost overall. He hadn't, as it turns out he's hailed as a hero, and so there is a triumphant return to Rome. Ben-Hur gets to see the Emperor and then lives with Quintus learning to drive a chariot in races with Arrius' prized horses. Quintus actually tried to get him cleared of wanting to kill that Judean governor, but didn't pull it off...
ellauri150.html on line 631: Quintus cherishes Judah as a son (his own one died), and finally adopts him legally, naming him Young Arrius. Ben-Hur loves Quintus as well, is grateful but heads back to Judea almost immediately, not even waiting for the scheduled boat to take Pontius Pilate to Judea. There is no time to waste; four years have already passed.
ellauri153.html on line 814: Even with extra blankets, the elderly King David could not generate enough body heat on his own to maintain a healthy temperature. A lifetime that had included being a fugitive, living in caves, being exposed to the elements, and fighting hard-fought battles had finally taken its toll on his aging body (see 1 Samuel 20:1; 22:1; 2 Samuel 21:17). David’s condition, called hypothermia, is not unusual in older people: toward the end of his long life, former President Ronald Reagan requested that his favorite electric blanket be returned from the ranch he had sold. Of course, no technology in ancient Israel would provide a continual source of warmth through the cool Judean nights. Only a human body had the capacity to do that.
ellauri184.html on line 221: But, he says, “this is a gross distortion of the historical and cultural reality.” The northern province of Galilee was decisively distinct—in history, political status, and culture—from the southern province of Judea which contained the holy city of Jerusalem.
ellauri184.html on line 226: Geographically Galilee was separated from Judea by the non-Jewish territory of Samaria, and from Perea in the southeast by the Hellenistic settlements of Decapolis.
ellauri184.html on line 228: Politically Galilee had been under separate administration from Judea during almost all its history since the tenth century B.C. (apart from a period of “reunification” under the Maccabees), and in the time of Jesus it was under a (supposedly) native Herodian prince, while Judea and Samaria had since A.D. 6 been under the direct rule of a Roman prefect.
ellauri184.html on line 232: Culturally Judeans despised their northern neighbors as country cousins, their lack of Jewish sophistication being compounded by their greater openness to Hellenistic influence.
ellauri184.html on line 234: Linguistically Galileans spoke a distinctive form of Aramaic whose slovenly consonants (they dropped their aitches!) were the butt of Judean humor.
ellauri184.html on line 235: Religiously the Judean opinion was that Galileans were lax in their observance of proper ritual, and the problem was exacerbated by the distance of Galilee from the temple and the theological leadership, which was focused in Jerusalem.
ellauri184.html on line 237: The result, he says, is that even an impeccably Jewish Galilean in first-century Jerusalem was not among his own people; he was as much a foreigner as an Irishman in London or a Kuopio person in Helsinki. His accent would immediately mark him out as “not one of us,” and all the communal prejudice of the supposedly superior culture of the capital city would stand against his claim to be heard even as a prophet, let alone as the “Messiah,” a title which, as everyone knew, belonged to Judea (cf. John 7:40-42 ).
ellauri184.html on line 524: In 167 BCE Judea was part of the Seleucid Empire. Its ruler, Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175–165 BCE), smarting from a defeat in a war against Ptolemaic Egypt, banned traditional Jewish religious practices, and attempted to forcibly let the Jews accept Hellenistic culture. Throughout the country Jews were ordered, with the threat of execution, to sacrifice pigs to Greek gods (the normal practice in the Ancient Greek religion), desecrate the Shabbat, eat unkosher animals (especially pork), and relinquish their Jewish scriptures. Antiochus´ decree also outlawed Jewish circumcision, and parents who violated his order were hanged along with their infants.[1Mac 1:46-67] According to Tacitus, as quoted by Hodges, Antiochus "endeavoured to abolish Jewish superstition and to introduce Greek civilization."
ellauri184.html on line 526: According to rabbinical accounts, he desecrated the Second Temple of Jerusalem by placing a statue of Olympian Zeus on the altar of the Temple; this incident is also reported by the biblical Book of Daniel, where the author refers to the statue of the Greek god inside the Temple as "abomination of desolation". Antiochus´ decrees and vituperation of Judaism motivated the Maccabean Revolt; the Maccabees reacted violently against the forced Hellenization of Judea, destroyed pagan altars in the villages, circumcised boys, and forced Hellenized Jews into outlawry. The revolt ended in the re-establishment of an independent Jewish kingdom under the Hasmoneans, until it turned into a client state of the Roman Republic under the reign of Herod the Great (37–4 BCE).
ellauri184.html on line 530: Hadrian´s policy after the rebellion reflected an attempt to root out Judaism: he enacted a ban on circumcision, all Jews were forbidden to enter Jerusalem upon pain of death, and the city was renamed Aelia Capitolina, while Judea was renamed Syria Palaestina. Around 140, his successor Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE) exempted Jews from the decree against circumcision, allowing them to circumcise their sons, although they were forbidden to do the same on their slaves and proselytes. Jewish nationalists´ (Pharisees and Zealots) response to the decrees also took a more moderate form: circumcisions were secretly performed, even on dead Jews.
ellauri184.html on line 740: This is also confirmed by Acts 8:1 that reads, “On that day a great persecution broke out against the church in Jerusalem, and all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria.” John was still in the city at this time (perhaps one or two years after the resurrection) and was still there three years after the conversion of Simon to Paul (Galatians 2:9).
ellauri263.html on line 308: The Second Temple built by Ezra and Nehemiah was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE, scattering the people of Judea and commencing the Jewish exile from the Holy Land.
ellauri334.html on line 326: Second, one of the other apostles was also named “Judas”. To differentiate the 2, “Judas Iscariot” was because his father was called “Iscariot”. Why? It is understood that they were from the Judean town of Kerioth-hezon. The other “Judas” was referred to as “son of James”. He was also known as Thaddaeus. The name was changed because nobody liked to be called Jew anymore.
xxx/ellauri149.html on line 477: Caiaphas and the other priests worry that if Jesus' followers launch a rebellion, Rome will retaliate by crushing Judea. Later, we see a mob of Judeans intimidating and manipulating Pontius Pilate, a Roman official. So, which is it? Are the Romans a ruthless occupying force that will smash Judea for any insubordination, or weak leaders seeking to pacify their subjects out of fear?
xxx/ellauri149.html on line 483: The Roman Empire has enough troops to brutally crush any Judean uprising (and indeed did so during the Jewish–Roman Wars that started only a few decades after Jesus's death). Pontius Pilate, the prefect of Judea, doesn't. If Judea rebels, there is a pretty good chance that Pilate will be killed by the mob, and even if he escapes he will be disgraced and his political career will come to an end. The fact that afterwards the Roman emperor will send in his legions to deal with Judea is cold comfort.
xxx/ellauri166.html on line 66: The Midrash (a homiletic method of biblical exegesis) states that the staff was passed down from generation to generation and was in the possession of the Judean kings until the First Temple was destroyed. It is unknown what became of the staff after the Temple was destroyed and the Jews were exiled from the land.
xxx/ellauri166.html on line 446: The earliest known tefillin were tiny and probably worn all day, except Saturdays. They were found together with other Dead Sea Scrolls in the Judean desert, in the mid-twentieth century. They were dated by archaeologists as far back as the 1st or 2nd centuries BCE. Although their texts are more varied than rabbinic tefillin, it is clear that they are based on a specific understanding of the same four verses noted above as associated by the rabbis with the tefillin ritual.
26