ellauri061.html on line 189: A Midsummer Night's Dream is a comedy written by William Shakespeare in 1595/96. The play is set in Athens and consists of several subplots that revolve around the marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta. One subplot involves a conflict between four Athenian lovers. Another follows a group of six amateur actors rehearsing the play which they are to perform before the wedding. Both groups find themselves in a forest inhabited by fairies who manipulate the humans and are engaged in their own domestic intrigue. The play is one of Shakespeare's most popular and is widely performed. Populääri lue vulgääri. Niin aina.
ellauri061.html on line 201: August Wilhelm Schlegel työnsi myös lusikkansa soppaan. Schlegel perceived unity in the multiple plot lines. He noted that the donkey's head is not a random transformation, but reflects Bottom's true nature. Eli se oli oikeasti oikea aasi. Ovelaa. Hyvin ajateltu Robin! He identified the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe as a burlesque of the Athenian lovers.
ellauri099.html on line 190: Aristotle was not much loved by the Athenians. This might have been because he was a tricky customer or because he was an immigrant: a metoikos or metic, resident alien, an ancient green card holder; Greek, but decidedly not an Athenian citizen, something like an American in London. Given his close ties to the Macedonian aristocracy, which was extending and tightening its military and political control across Greece, perhaps the Athenians were right to be suspicious of Aristotle.
ellauri099.html on line 215: The Lyceum was clearly the intellectual projection of Macedonian political and military hegemony. In 323 B.C.E., when news of Alexander the Great’s death in Babylon at the age of 32 reached Athens, simmering anti-Macedonian sentiment spilled over, and the popular Athenian leader Demosthenes was recalled. Aristotle left the city for the last time, in fear of his life, after a little more than a decade in charge of the Lyceum. Seeing himself justly or unjustly in the mirror of Socrates and fearing charges of impiety, Aristotle reportedly said, “I will not allow the Athenians to sin twice against philosophy.” Aristotle withdrew to his late mother’s estate at Chalcis on the island of Euboea and died there shortly after of an unspecified illness, at age 63.
ellauri099.html on line 217: Looking now at the beautifully maintained site of the Lyceum, which is comparatively new by Athenian standards (as excavations only began in 1996, and it was opened to the public in 2014), we are only now beginning to form a proper picture of the plan, architecture and function of the Lyceum.
ellauri276.html on line 883: 5. elokuuta 1908 hän meni naimisiin Elisabeth von Pausingerin kanssa, tiedättehän, Franz Xaver von Pausingerin tytär, taiteilija, Salzburgista, Itävallasta? Heillä oli tytär Rosalie (Stork) Regen ja kolme poikaa, Francis Wharton, George Frederick ja Carl Alexander. Vuonna 1939 Stork selvisi zägällä SS Athenian uppoamisesta Atlantin valtamerellä.
ellauri392.html on line 481: Priam, of the Trojans, Theseus, of the Athenians.
ellauri392.html on line 511: And the Athenians acquitted them.
ellauri445.html on line 268: Paras piirre Ateenan demokratiassa oli ostrakismi, ja juuri se on nyttemmin poistettu. Ostracisms occurred during the heyday of Athenian democracy, which allowed direct participation in governance for the city-state's citizenry, a population that excluded women, enslaved workers and foreign-born residents. Though the number of citizens could sometimes be as high as 60,000, a much smaller group of men was actively involved in Athenian politics.
ellauri445.html on line 273: Pericles promoted the arts, literature, and philosophy and gave free rides to some of the most inspired writers, artists, and thinkers of his time. According to his contemporaries and later writers, he was encouraged and directed in this, as well as in other aspects of his career, by his consort Aspasia of Miletus (l. c. 470-410/400 BCE) who seeems to have served as the beaver to many famous Athenians of the time.
ellauri445.html on line 275: The degree of influence Aspasia had over Pericles continues to be debated but his accomplishments are well-established. Pericles increased Athens' power through his use of the Delian League to form the Athenian empire and led his city through the First Peloponnesian War (460-446 BCE) and the first two years of the Second Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE). He was still actively engaged in political life when he died of plague during The Plague at Athens, 430-427 BCE, in 429 BCE.
ellauri445.html on line 280: Pericles was born in Athens, in 495 BCE, to an aristocratic family. His father, Xanthippus (l. c. 525-475 BCE) was a respected politician and war hero and his mother, Agariste, a member of the powerful and influential Alcmaeonidae family who encouraged the early development of Athenian democracy.
ellauri445.html on line 281: Pericles' family's nobility, prestige, and wealth allowed him to pursue his inclination toward education in any subject he fancied. He read widely, showing an especial interest in philosophy, and is recognized as the first Athenian politician to attribute importance to practical philosophy as a practical discipline which could help guide and direct one's thought and actions rather than a mere speculative past-time or the trade of the Sophists.
ellauri445.html on line 291: Back to Stan. Stan prosecuted a case against his political rival Cimon (l. c. 510 - 450 BCE) in 463 BCE charging the latter with corruption in his dealings with Macedon. Cimon was the leader of the conservative party and an able military commander who had fought at Salamis in 480 BCE when the Greeks defeated the Persians. During the Persian invasion of 480 BCE, Athens had rallied the other city-states to defense and, afterwards, "assumed" a dominant position. The Delian League, a confederation of the city-states, was formed in 478 BCE "to provide defense" against further Persian aggression and Cimon was instrumental in "persuading" various city-states to join. The Delian League increasingly became more of an extension of Athenian power and politics than a Greek confederacy for mutual defense. Very soon the free confederacy was turned into the Athenian Empire.
ellauri445.html on line 295: Cimon had served as a diplomat between Athens and Sparta a number of times since 478 BCE and, in 465 BCE, led the Athenian contingent of 4,000 soldiers to aid Sparta in putting down a rebellion by helots. Sparta insulted Athens by dismissing this sizeable force while welcoming the aid of other city-states. Athens responded by breaking their diplomatic ties with Sparta.
ellauri445.html on line 297: The reason for Sparta's dismissal of the Athenian force is unknown but it has been suggested that Sparta did not trust Athens any further they could throw them. Early accounts simply state that the Spartans did not like the look of Cimon's soldiers. Whatever the reason was, in 461 BCE Pericles again charged Cimon with corruption – this time by claiming he was aiding Spartan interests – and succeeded in having his rival ostracized from the city for ten years. Shortly afterwards in the same year, Ephialtes was assassinated by person or persons unknown; these two events mark the beginning of Pericles' rise to power.
ellauri445.html on line 299: The real cause of the war was not this or that trivial disturbance, the revolt of a distant colony, the breaking of an unimportant treaty, or the like. It was something far beneath the surface, deep down in human nature, and the cause of all the wars ever fought. The motive power was greed, that strange passion for power and possession which no power and no possession satisfy. Power, or its equivalent wealth, created the desire for more power, more wealth. The Athenians and the Spartans fought for one reason only – because they were
ellauri445.html on line 302: Pericles, as commander-in-chief, led the Athenian forces in a number of battles but never could gain a significant advantage. A truce was finally agreed to by Cimon, who returned from his exile in 451 BCE and fixed what Pericles had broken. The truce allowed Pericles to focus his attention on other areas like culture, architecture and music. So Pericles was engaged in various cultural initiatives in Athens which brought him into regular skin contact with the leading intellectuals of the city like the foreign-born writer and teacher Aspasia of Miletus and, in 445 BCE, he divorced his wife (name unknown) and began (or continued) a romantic relationship with Aspasia.
ellauri445.html on line 304: In one speech (written by Aspasia) Pericles praises posthumously the soldiers who fell in battle, the bravery of their Athenian ancestors, the families who sacrificed loved ones for the city, and encourages survivors to honor the memory of the fallen. His primary focus, however, is the glory of Athens and how unique it is among all the other cities of the world.
ellauri445.html on line 308: The speech, recorded on tape by Thucydides, highlights how Athenian democracy encourages personal freedom and sets the city apart from the rest as an example to all. The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life. There, far from exercising a jealous surveillance over each other, we do not feel called upon to be angry with our neighbor for doing what he likes, or even to indulge in those injurious looks which cannot fail to be offensive, although they inflict no positive penalty.
ellauri445.html on line 312: The Age of Pericles, however, could not last any more than any other in history. At the beginning of 431 BCE Athens entered into the Second Peloponnesian War with Sparta which would end in Athens' defeat; but Pericles missed the fall of his city for he died of the plague. Remembering his military leadership, the Athenians made mistake after mistake in their military decisions leading eventually to their defeat by the Spartans in 404 BCE, the destruction of their city's walls, and their occupation and rule by Sparta.
xxx/ellauri176.html on line 57: Havelock argues that the story of Phryne swimming naked in the sea is probably a sensationalized fabrication. Because Plutarch saw the statues in Thespiae and Delphi himself. Cavallini does not doubt their existence. She does think that the love between Praxiteles and Phryne was an invention of later biographers. Thebes was restored in 315 or 316 BC, but it is doubtful if Phryne ever proposed to rebuild its walls. Diodorus Siculus writes that the Athenians rebuilt the greater part of the wall and that Cassander provided more aid later. He makes no mention of Phryne's alleged offer.
xxx/ellauri176.html on line 69: Furthermore, Pseudo-Cooper continues that the evidence suggests that Idomeneus invented the more salacious version of the story, possibly in his desire to parody and ridicule the courtroom displays of Athenian demagogues. Considering his preference for attributing sexual excess to these demagogues, the provocative act of disrobing Phryne fits the character Hypereides had acquired in Idomeneus' work. As is not uncommon in the biographical tradition, later biographers failed to notice that earlier biographers did not give an accurate representation of events. The later biographer Hermippus incorporated the account of Idomeneus in his own biography. An extract from Hermippus' biography is preserved in the work of Athenaeus and Pseudo-Plutarch.
xxx/ellauri176.html on line 80: Simultaneously, extramarital relations with a free woman were severely dealt with. In the case of adultery, the cuckold had the legal right to kill the offender if caught in the act; the same went for rape. Female adulterers, and by extension prostitutes, were forbidden to marry or take part in public ceremonies. The average age of marriage being 30 for men, the young Athenian had no choice if he wanted to have sexual relations other than to turn to slaves or prostitutes. Poor sods.
xxx/ellauri176.html on line 88: The classical Athenian politician Solon is credited as being the first to institute legal public brothels. He did this as a public health measure, in order to contain adultery. The poet Philemon praised him for this measure in the following terms:
xxx/ellauri193.html on line 217: In traditional societies, women could not complain about mistresses, concubines, and in many cultures even other wives (such as polygyny); whereas male sexual jealousy was recognized as the highest emotion that could justify even murder. The recognized license of the Ancient Greek husband may be seen in the following passage of the pseudo-Demosthenic Oration Against Neaera: "We keep mistresses for our pleasures, concubines for constant attendance, and wives to bear us legitimate children and to be our faithful housekeepers. Yet, because of the wrong done to the husband only, the Athenian lawgiver Solon allowed any man to kill an adulterer whom he had taken in the act.''
xxx/ellauri199.html on line 102: As I began to ponder the use and abuse of the ancient radish, it was Roman legal scholar Paul du Plessis who wrote to let me know of the legal connections between radishes, anuses, and adultery in Greco-Roman antiquity. While there is debate over the actual application of the punishment, it appears that Athenian adulterers may have been punished with “Rhaphanidosis” in the Agora by having radishes or fish shoved up their assholes and then having their pubic hair depilated by hot ash.
xxx/ellauri235.html on line 567: Quintilian described him as "by far the greatest of the nine lyric poets, in virtue of his inspired magnificence, the beauty of his thoughts and figures, the rich exuberance of his language and matter, and his rolling flood of eloquence". However, not all the ancients shared Quintilian's enthusiasm. The Athenian comic playwright Eupolis is said to have remarked that the poems of Pindar "are already reduced to silence by the disinclination of the multitude for elegant learning".
28